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The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Adult Lip, Oral, and Pharyngeal Cancer in 204 Countries and Territories: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

GBD 2019 Lip, Oral, and Pharyngeal Cancer Collaborators , Cunha ARD 1 , Compton K 2 , Xu R 2 , Mishra R 3 , Drangsholt MT 3 Show all authors , Antunes JLF 1 , Kerr AR 4 , Acheson AR 2 , Lu D 2 , Wallace LE 2 , Kocarnik JM 2 , Fu W 2 , Dean FE 2 , Pennini A 2 , Henrikson HJ 2 , Alam T 2 , Ababneh E 5 , Abd-Elsalam S 6 , Abdoun M 7 , Abidi H 8 , Abubaker Ali H 9 , Abu-Gharbieh E 10 , Adane TD 11 , Addo IY 12 , Ahmad A 13 , Ahmad S 14 , Ahmed Rashid T 15 , Akonde M 16 , Al Hamad H 17 , Alahdab F 18 , Alimohamadi Y 19 , Alipour V 20 , Al-Maweri SA 21 , Alsharif U 22 , Ansari-Moghaddam A 23 , Anwar SL 24 , Anyasodor AE 25 , Arabloo J 20 , Aravkin AY 2 , Aruleba RT 26 , Asaad M 27 , Ashraf T 28 , Athari SS 29 , Attia S 30 , Azadnajafabad S 31 , Azangou-Khyavy M 31 , Badar M 32 , Baghcheghi N 33 , Banach M 34 , Bardhan M 35 , Barqawi HJ 10 , Bashir NZ 36 , Bashiri A 37 , Benzian H 38 , Bernabe E 39 , Bhagat DS 40 , Bhojaraja VS 41 , Bjørge T 42 , Bouaoud S 43 , Braithwaite D 44 , Briko NI 45 , Calina D 46 , Carreras G 47 , Chakraborty PA 48 , Chattu VK 49 , Chaurasia A 50 , Chen MX 51 , Cho WCS 52 , Chu DT 53 , Chukwu IS 54 , Chung E 2 , Cruz-Martins N 55 , Dadras O 42 , Dai X 2 , Dandona L 2 , Dandona R 2 , Daneshpajouhnejad P 56 , Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani R 57 , Darwesh AM 58 , Debela SA 59 , Derbew Molla M 60 , Dessalegn FN 61 , Dianati-Nasab M 62 , Digesa LE 63 , Dixit SG 64 , Dixit A 65 , Djalalinia S 66 , El Sayed I 67 , El Tantawi M 68 , Enyew DB 69 , Erku DA 70 , Ezzeddini R 71 , Fagbamigbe AF 72 , Falzone L 73 , Fetensa G 74 , Fukumoto T 75 , Gaewkhiew P 76 , Gallus S 77 , Gebrehiwot M 78 , Ghashghaee A 79 , Gill PS 80 , Golechha M 81 , Goleij P 82 , Gomez RS 83 , Gorini G 84 , Guimaraes ALS 85 , Gupta B 86 , Gupta S 87 , Gupta VB 88 , Gupta VK 89 , Haj-Mirzaian A 90 , Halboub ES 91 , Halwani R 10 , Hanif A 92 , Hariyani N 93 , Harorani M 94 , Hasani H 95 , Hassan AM 27 , Hassanipour S 96 , Hassen MB 2 , Hay SI 2 , Hayat K 97 , Herrera-Serna BY 98 , Holla R 99 , Horita N 100 , Hosseinzadeh M 101 , Hussain S 102 , Ilesanmi OS 103 , Ilic IM 104 , Ilic MD 105 , Isola G 106 , Jaiswal A 107 , Jani CT 108 , Javaheri T 109 , Jayarajah U 110 , Jayaram S 111 , Joseph N 112 , Kadashetti V 113 , Kandaswamy E 114 , Karanth SD 115 , Karaye IM 116 , Kauppila JH 117 , Kaur H 118 , Keykhaei M 31 , Khader YS 119 , Khajuria H 120 , Khanali J 31 , Khatib MN 121 , Khayat Kashani HR 122 , Khazeei Tabari MA 123 , Kim MS 124 , Kompani F 125 , Koohestani HR 126 , Kumar GA 118 , Kurmi OP 127 , La Vecchia C 128 , Lal DK 118 , Landires I 129 , Lasrado S 130 , Ledda C 131 , Lee YH 132 , Libra M 133 , Lim SS 2 , Listl S 134 , Lopukhov PD 45 , Mafi AR 135 , Mahumud RA 136 , Malik AA 92 , Mathur MR 137 , Maulud SQ 138 , Meena JK 139 , Mehrabi Nasab E 140 , Mestrovic T 2 , Mirfakhraie R 141 , Misganaw A 142 , Misra S 143 , Mithra P 112 , Mohammad Y 144 , Mohammadi M 145 , Mohammadi E 146 , Mokdad AH 2 , Moni MA 147 , Moraga P 148 , Morrison SD 149 , Mozaffari HR 150 , Mubarik S 151 , Murray CJL 2 , Nair TS 152 , Narasimha Swamy S 153 , Narayana AI 154 , Nassereldine H 2 , Natto ZS 155 , Nayak BP 120 , Negru SM 156 , Nggada HA 157 , Nouraei H 158 , Nuñez-Samudio V 159 , Oancea B 160 , Olagunju AT 161 , Omar Bali A 162 , Padron-Monedero A 163 , Padubidri JR 164 , Pandey A 118 , Pardhan S 165 , Patel J 166 , Pezzani R 167 , Piracha ZZ 168 , Rabiee N 169 , Radhakrishnan V 170 , Radhakrishnan RA 154 , Rahmani AM 171 , Rahmanian V 172 , Rao CR 173 , Rao SJ 174 , Rath GK 175 , Rawaf DL 176 , Rawaf S 177 , Rawassizadeh R 178 , Razeghinia MS 179 , Rezaei N 31 , Rezaei N 31 , Rezaei N 180 , Rezapour A 20 , Riad A 181 , Roberts TJ 182 , Romero-Rodríguez E 183 , Roshandel G 184 , S M 185 , S N C 185 , Saddik B 186 , Saeb MR 187 , Saeed U 168 , Safaei M 188 , Sahebazzamani M 189 , Sahebkar A 190 , Salek Farrokhi A 191 , Samy AM 192 , Santric-Milicevic MM 104 , Sathian B 17 , Satpathy M 193 , Šekerija M 194 , Senthilkumaran S 195 , Seylani A 196 , Shafaat O 197 , Shahsavari HR 198 , Shamsoddin E 199 , Sharew MM 200 , Sharifi-Rad J 201 , Shetty JK 202 , Shivakumar KM 203 , Shobeiri P 204 , Shorofi SA 205 , Shrestha S 206 , Siddappa Malleshappa SK 207 , Singh P 208 , Singh JA 209 , Singh G 210 , Sinha DN 211 , Solomon Y 212 , Suleman M 213 , Suliankatchi Abdulkader R 214 , Taheri Abkenar Y 215 , Talaat IM 10 , Tan KK 216 , Tbakhi A 217 , Thiyagarajan A 218 , Tiyuri A 219 , Tovani-Palone MR 220 , Unnikrishnan B 221 , Vo B 222 , Volovat SR 223 , Wang C 224 , Westerman R 225 , Wickramasinghe ND 226 , Xiao H 227 , Yu C 151 , Yuce D 228 , Yunusa I 229 , Zadnik V 230 , Zare I 231 , Zhang ZJ 232 , Zoladl M 233 , Force LM 2 , Hugo FN 234

Affiliations 

  • 1 School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 2 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
  • 3 Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle
  • 4 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Radiology, and Medicine, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
  • 5 Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
  • 6 Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
  • 7 Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Setif, Algeria
  • 8 Laboratory Technology Sciences Department, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  • 9 Department of Banking and Finance, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  • 10 Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  • 11 Department of Clinical and Psychosocial Epidemiology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
  • 12 Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  • 13 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
  • 14 Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  • 15 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Kurdistan Hewler, Erbil, Iraq
  • 16 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia
  • 17 Geriatric and Long Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  • 18 Evidence-Based Practice Center Program, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, Minnesota
  • 19 Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 20 Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 21 College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  • 22 Dortmund Clinic, Dortmund, Germany
  • 23 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  • 24 Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  • 25 School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
  • 26 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  • 27 Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston
  • 28 University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 29 Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  • 30 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
  • 31 Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 32 Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
  • 33 Department of Nursing, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  • 34 Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  • 35 Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
  • 36 School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England, United Kingdom
  • 37 Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  • 38 Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
  • 39 Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, England, United Kingdom
  • 40 Department of Forensic Chemistry, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Aurangabad, India
  • 41 Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical, University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
  • 42 Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  • 43 Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  • 44 Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville
  • 45 Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
  • 46 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
  • 47 Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
  • 48 School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
  • 49 Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
  • 50 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
  • 51 Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
  • 52 Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
  • 53 Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
  • 54 Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria
  • 55 Department of Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies, Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative, Gandra, Portugal
  • 56 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
  • 57 Environmental Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  • 58 Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  • 59 School of Public Health, Salale University, Fiche, Ethiopia
  • 60 Department of Biochemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  • 61 Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Madda Walabu University, Bale Goba, Ethiopia
  • 62 Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
  • 63 Department of Comprehensive Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
  • 64 Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  • 65 Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  • 66 Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
  • 67 Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  • 68 Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  • 69 Department of Health Informatics, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  • 70 Centre for Applied Health Economics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
  • 71 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  • 72 Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 73 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, National Cancer Institute IRCCS Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
  • 74 Department of Nursing, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
  • 75 Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
  • 76 Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Thailand
  • 77 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
  • 78 Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  • 79 School of Public Health, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
  • 80 Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, England, United Kingdom
  • 81 Department of Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  • 82 Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
  • 83 Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  • 84 Oncological Network, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
  • 85 School of Dentistry, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Brazil
  • 86 Department of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 87 Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India
  • 88 School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
  • 89 Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  • 90 Department of Pharmacology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 91 College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  • 92 University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 93 Department of Dental Public Health, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
  • 94 Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
  • 95 Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
  • 96 Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  • 97 Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 98 Department of Oral Health, Faculty of Health, Autonomous University of Manizales, Manizales, Colombia
  • 99 Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  • 100 Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
  • 101 Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
  • 102 Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge Translation, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  • 103 Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 104 Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 105 Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  • 106 Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  • 107 Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  • 108 Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
  • 109 Health Informatics Lab, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
  • 110 Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
  • 111 Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India
  • 112 Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  • 113 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India
  • 114 Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans
  • 115 University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville
  • 116 School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York
  • 117 Surgery Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
  • 118 Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  • 119 Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  • 120 Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
  • 121 Global Consortium for Public Health Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, India
  • 122 Department of Neurosurgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 123 Department of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 124 Department of Genomics and Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Seoul, South Korea
  • 125 Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 126 Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
  • 127 Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, England, United Kingdom
  • 128 Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  • 129 Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  • 130 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  • 131 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  • 132 Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 133 Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  • 134 Department of Dentistry, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
  • 135 Department of Clinical Oncology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 136 NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  • 137 Department of Health Policy Research, Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  • 138 Department of Biology, College of Science, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
  • 139 Department of Preventive Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  • 140 Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 141 Department of Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 142 Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
  • 143 Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  • 144 Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 145 Department of Information Technology, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq
  • 146 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 147 School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
  • 148 Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
  • 149 Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle
  • 150 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 151 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  • 152 Health Workforce Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
  • 153 Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Government Medical College, Mysore, India
  • 154 Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  • 155 Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  • 156 Department of Oncology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
  • 157 Department of Histopathology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria
  • 158 Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  • 159 Unit of Microbiology and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
  • 160 Department of Applied Economics and Quantitative Analysis, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  • 161 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
  • 162 Diplomacy and Public Relations Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  • 163 National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
  • 164 Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  • 165 Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom
  • 166 Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
  • 167 Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
  • 168 International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan
  • 169 School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  • 170 Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India
  • 171 Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
  • 172 Department of Public Health, Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Sciences, Torbat Jam, Iran
  • 173 Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  • 174 Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sharavathi Dental College and Hospital, Shimogga, India
  • 175 Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  • 176 WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
  • 177 Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, England, United Kingdom
  • 178 Department of Computer Science, College of Arts & Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
  • 179 Department of Immunology and Laboratory Sciences, Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
  • 180 Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 181 Department of Public Health, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
  • 182 Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
  • 183 Clinical and Epidemiological Research in Primary Care (GICEAP), Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
  • 184 Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  • 185 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore, India
  • 186 Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  • 187 Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
  • 188 Advanced Dental Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 189 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
  • 190 Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  • 191 Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
  • 192 Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 193 UGC Centre of Advanced Study in Psychology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India
  • 194 Department of Medical Statistics, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
  • 195 Emergency Department, Manian Medical Centre, Erode, India
  • 196 National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
  • 197 Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
  • 198 Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, Iran
  • 199 Department of Oral Health, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
  • 200 Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  • 201 Faculty of Medicine, University of Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
  • 202 Department of Biochemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
  • 203 Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India
  • 204 Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 205 Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Nasibeh School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 206 School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
  • 207 Department of Hematology-Oncology, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts
  • 208 Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  • 209 Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
  • 210 Department of Community Medicine, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
  • 211 Department of Epidemiology, School of Preventive Oncology, Patna, India
  • 212 Department of Nursing, Dire Dawa University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  • 213 Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Mingora, Pakistan
  • 214 National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
  • 215 Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter, England, United Kingdom
  • 216 Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  • 217 Department of Cell Therapy and Applied Genomics, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
  • 218 Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, Bremen, Germany
  • 219 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
  • 220 Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
  • 221 Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  • 222 Faculty of Information Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HUTECH), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  • 223 Department of Medical Oncology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Grigore T Popa" Iaşi, Iaşi, Romania
  • 224 Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
  • 225 Competence Center of Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort, Federal Institute for Population Research, Wiesbaden, Germany
  • 226 Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  • 227 School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
  • 228 Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
  • 229 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia
  • 230 Epidemiology and Cancer Registry Sector, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
  • 231 Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran
  • 232 School of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  • 233 Department of Nursing, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
  • 234 Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
JAMA Oncol, 2023 Oct 01;9(10):1401-1416.
PMID: 37676656 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.2960

Abstract

IMPORTANCE: Lip, oral, and pharyngeal cancers are important contributors to cancer burden worldwide, and a comprehensive evaluation of their burden globally, regionally, and nationally is crucial for effective policy planning.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the total and risk-attributable burden of lip and oral cavity cancer (LOC) and other pharyngeal cancer (OPC) for 204 countries and territories and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) using 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study estimates.

EVIDENCE REVIEW: The incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to LOC and OPC from 1990 to 2019 were estimated using GBD 2019 methods. The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate the proportion of deaths and DALYs for LOC and OPC attributable to smoking, tobacco, and alcohol consumption in 2019.

FINDINGS: In 2019, 370 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 338 000-401 000) cases and 199 000 (95% UI, 181 000-217 000) deaths for LOC and 167 000 (95% UI, 153 000-180 000) cases and 114 000 (95% UI, 103 000-126 000) deaths for OPC were estimated to occur globally, contributing 5.5 million (95% UI, 5.0-6.0 million) and 3.2 million (95% UI, 2.9-3.6 million) DALYs, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, low-middle and low SDI regions consistently showed the highest age-standardized mortality rates due to LOC and OPC, while the high SDI strata exhibited age-standardized incidence rates decreasing for LOC and increasing for OPC. Globally in 2019, smoking had the greatest contribution to risk-attributable OPC deaths for both sexes (55.8% [95% UI, 49.2%-62.0%] of all OPC deaths in male individuals and 17.4% [95% UI, 13.8%-21.2%] of all OPC deaths in female individuals). Smoking and alcohol both contributed to substantial LOC deaths globally among male individuals (42.3% [95% UI, 35.2%-48.6%] and 40.2% [95% UI, 33.3%-46.8%] of all risk-attributable cancer deaths, respectively), while chewing tobacco contributed to the greatest attributable LOC deaths among female individuals (27.6% [95% UI, 21.5%-33.8%]), driven by high risk-attributable burden in South and Southeast Asia.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this systematic analysis, disparities in LOC and OPC burden existed across the SDI spectrum, and a considerable percentage of burden was attributable to tobacco and alcohol use. These estimates can contribute to an understanding of the distribution and disparities in LOC and OPC burden globally and support cancer control planning efforts.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

MeSH terms
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