OBJECTIVE: To analyze the total and risk-attributable burden of lip and oral cavity cancer (LOC) and other pharyngeal cancer (OPC) for 204 countries and territories and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) using 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study estimates.

EVIDENCE REVIEW: The incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to LOC and OPC from 1990 to 2019 were estimated using GBD 2019 methods. The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate the proportion of deaths and DALYs for LOC and OPC attributable to smoking, tobacco, and alcohol consumption in 2019.

FINDINGS: In 2019, 370 000 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 338 000-401 000) cases and 199 000 (95% UI, 181 000-217 000) deaths for LOC and 167 000 (95% UI, 153 000-180 000) cases and 114 000 (95% UI, 103 000-126 000) deaths for OPC were estimated to occur globally, contributing 5.5 million (95% UI, 5.0-6.0 million) and 3.2 million (95% UI, 2.9-3.6 million) DALYs, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, low-middle and low SDI regions consistently showed the highest age-standardized mortality rates due to LOC and OPC, while the high SDI strata exhibited age-standardized incidence rates decreasing for LOC and increasing for OPC. Globally in 2019, smoking had the greatest contribution to risk-attributable OPC deaths for both sexes (55.8% [95% UI, 49.2%-62.0%] of all OPC deaths in male individuals and 17.4% [95% UI, 13.8%-21.2%] of all OPC deaths in female individuals). Smoking and alcohol both contributed to substantial LOC deaths globally among male individuals (42.3% [95% UI, 35.2%-48.6%] and 40.2% [95% UI, 33.3%-46.8%] of all risk-attributable cancer deaths, respectively), while chewing tobacco contributed to the greatest attributable LOC deaths among female individuals (27.6% [95% UI, 21.5%-33.8%]), driven by high risk-attributable burden in South and Southeast Asia.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the global burden of bone cancer from 1990 to 2023 and forecast future trends to 2050.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This systematic analysis estimated bone cancer incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 204 countries and territories grouped by GBD super-regions and World Bank income groups from 1990 to 2023, with forecasts through 2050. Individuals of all ages with bone cancers included in the GBD 2023 study were included in analyses. Data were analyzed from June 2023 to July 2025.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The GBD 2023 study used standardized estimation methods to describe bone cancer incidence, mortality, and DALYs in 2023, as well as trends over the past 3 decades and forecasts through 2050. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), and age-standardized rates (ASRs) were calculated using GBD-specific age weights.

RESULTS: In 2023, there were 111 000 (95% UI, 81 300-164 000) malignant bone cancer cases, 76 600 (95% UI, 60 700-96 300) deaths, and 3.02 million (95% UI, 2.29 million-3.96 million) DALYs globally. A bimodal age distribution was noted in both incidence (peaking at ages 10 to 14 years and 65 to 69 years) and mortality (peaking at ages 15 to 19 years and 65 to 69 years). The highest ASRs for incidence were in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania (1.6 per 100 000; 95% UI, 1.1-2.4), while Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest ASRs for DALYs (51.0 per 100 000; 95% UI, 27.7-79.7). By World Bank income group, upper-middle-income countries had the highest ASRs for incidence, whereas low-income countries exhibited the highest ASRs for both mortality and DALYs. Globally, incident cases, deaths, and DALYs increased from 1990 to 2023, while global mortality and DALY ASRs were relatively stable; high-income countries experienced a decline in mortality and DALY ASRs. Forecasts suggest a potential increase in global cases and deaths by 2050.