Global, Regional, and National Burden of Bone Cancers, 1990 to 2023, With Forecasts to 2050: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023

GBD 2023 Bone Cancer Collaborators , Monsereenusorn C 1 , Bisignano C 2 , May ML 2 , Pritchett N 2 , Kocarnik JM 2 Show all authors , Bhangdia K 2 , Penberthy L 2 , Acheson A 2 , Sullivan MJ 3 , Bhakta N 4 , Ababneh HS 5 , Abdou HA 6 , Abdulateef YM 7 , Abdulrahman ZA 8 , Abourashed NM 9 , Abreu LG 10 , Abu-Gharbieh E 11 , Abu-Zaid A 12 , Acharya S 13 , Adebisi TA 14 , Adedokun KA 15 , Adjei FA 16 , Adolf J 17 , Aghaalikhani M 18 , Agide FD 19 , Agordoh PD 20 , Ahmad S 21 , Ahmed H 22 , Akintunde DM 23 , Al Awaidy S 24 , Alam M 25 , Alanzi TM 26 , Ali K 27 , Ali MU 28 , Ali SS 29 , Ali Hussein Saleh R 30 , Alnaeem MM 31 , Alreshidi M 32 , Alsaegh MA 33 , Alsalhani A 34 , Al-Shami AS 35 , Altaf A 36 , Alvarez EM 37 , Amin J 38 , Anil A 39 , Anshasi H 40 , Anwar S 41 , Arumugam A 42 , Atout MMW 43 , Awan UA 44 , Azad A 45 , Azzam AY 46 , Badiye AD 47 , Baghdadi S 48 , Bahar AR 49 , Baig AA 50 , Baig MH 51 , Bashiri A 52 , Bayat M 53 , Bayleyegn NS 54 , Beeraka NM 55 , Belay SA 56 , Belayneh ES 57 , Belgaumi UI 58 , Bhardwaj PV 59 , Binmadi N 60 , Bjørge T 61 , Bryan ME 62 , Bustanji Y 63 , Carreras G 64 , Cetinturk I 65 , Chaudhary AA 66 , Chaurasia A 67 , Chen H 68 , Chi H 69 , Chow R 70 , Columbus A 71 , Conde J 72 , Dai X 2 , Danpanichkul P 73 , De Rui M 74 , Devegowda D 75 , Dhimal M 76 , Do THP 77 , Dondi F 78 , Duraisamy S 79 , Eftekharimehrabad A 80 , Eini E 81 , El Arab RA 82 , El Sayed I 83 , Elhadi M 84 , Elhadi YAM 85 , El-Huneidi W 86 , Ellis L 87 , Elmorsi R 88 , Esmaeili S 89 , Fagbamigbe AF 90 , Fahim A 91 , Fang K 92 , Farhana A 93 , Farooq SMY 94 , Firdose I AI 95 , Fissha AB 96 , Gallus S 97 , Ghoba S 2 , Gholamrezanezhad A 98 , Goel AK 99 , Gopinath D 100 , Gorini G 101 , Guan SY 102 , Gunasekar B 103 , Guo Z 104 , Gupta B 105 , Gutu YD 106 , Guzmán-Muñoz E 107 , Habibzadeh P 108 , Hafedh Alkubaisy S 109 , Hai Nam N 110 , Hama Salih RM 111 , Hamdy NM 112 , Hamouda AM 113 , Haque MI 114 , Hasaballah AI 115 , Hasan AA 116 , Hashem Zadeh A 117 , Hashim NT 118 , Hassan AM 119 , Hay SI 2 , Hossain A 120 , Hoveidaei AH 121 , Huang C 122 , Hwang BF 123 , Ibrayeva A 124 , Ilesanmi OS 125 , Ilic IM 126 , Imodoye SO 127 , Iwu CD 128 , Jahrami H 129 , Jakovljevic M 130 , Jamal QMS 131 , Jokar M 132 , Joshua CE 133 , Jozwiak JJ 134 , K L D 135 , Kadashetti V 58 , Kamireddy A 136 , Kamorudeen RT 137 , Kanaan SF 138 , Kang J 139 , Kanmodi KK 140 , Karampoor S 141 , Kashyap MK 142 , Khan HA 143 , Khan MA 144 , Khan MA 145 , Khan YS 146 , Kheradmand D 147 , Khosravi S 148 , Khudhur AM 149 , Kim Y 150 , Kompani F 151 , Kulimbet M 152 , Kumar N 153 , Lau KKL 154 , Lee H 150 , Lemma DA 155 , Leong E 156 , Li M 157 , Li MC 158 , Lopes-Júnior LC 159 , López-Gil JF 160 , Luan S 161 , M Amin HI 162 , M Raouf MMH 163 , Mahmood NH 164 , Mahmoud MA 165 , Maqsood K 166 , Mathew A 167 , Mattoo KA 168 , Maulana S 169 , Mestrovic T 2 , Mokdad AH 2 , Moraga P 170 , Mosalamiaghili S 171 , Mubarik S 172 , Mulita F 173 , Murray CJL 2 , Mustafa SI 174 , Muthu S 175 , Najafali D 176 , Najm MZ 177 , Natto ZS 178 , Nguyen HT 179 , Ojasanya RA 180 , Okeke SR 181 , Omar Bali A 182 , Örün H 183 , Oyebanji OA 184 , Padron-Monedero A 185 , Pappas E 186 , Park TH 187 , Passera R 188 , Patel SV 189 , Patil S 190 , Pereira J 191 , Perna S 192 , Porntaveetus T 193 , Qanash H 194 , Rahiman EA 195 , Rahman MA 196 , Rajendran G 197 , Rakhymbayev NA 198 , Rakoczy R 199 , Ramasamy SK 200 , Rathish D 201 , Rawaf S 202 , Rezaei N 203 , Rocha HAL 204 , Rojanaworarit C 205 , Saddik BA 206 , Saeb MR 207 , Safi M 208 , Sahni V 209 , Sahoo A 210 , Salabat D 211 , Samy AM 212 , Saravanan A 213 , Sarfo JO 214 , Savabi Far M 215 , Schaarschmidt BM 216 , Shaban M 217 , Shahriari A 218 , Shahrour G 219 , Shalkow-Klincovstein J 220 , Shamim MA 213 , Shirazi S 221 , Shivangi K 222 , Shokouhifar M 182 , Shorofi SA 223 , Shrestha S 224 , Shrivastav D 225 , Singh P 226 , Singh PK 227 , Singh S 213 , Solanki R 228 , Song Y 229 , Strotzer QD 230 , Subasi O 231 , Subramanian A 232 , Talaat IM 11 , Talib WH 233 , Tan J 234 , Tariq S 235 , Tazhiyeva AY 236 , Tbakhi A 237 , Thalji MR 238 , Trisolino G 239 , Truong QXN 240 , Ullah I 241 , Umar L 242 , Umar SS 243 , Vikram V 244 , Villanueva GI 245 , Vinh T 246 , Viswanatha GL 247 , Wagdy A 193 , Wang X 248 , Weerasekara I 249 , Wickramasinghe ND 250 , Wieckiewicz M 251 , Wu P 252 , Yahya G 253 , Yismaw YE 254 , Yuan Q 255 , Zafar MS 256 , Zeariya MGM 115 , Zhang DX 257 , Zhang H 258 , Zhang ZJ 259 , Zheng L 260 , Zhong CC 261 , Zyoud SH 262 , Radhakrishnan V 263 , Force LM 2

Affiliations 

  • 1 Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Phramongkutklao Hospital and Phramongkutklao College of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand
  • 2 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle
  • 3 Children's Cancer Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
  • 4 Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
  • 5 Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
  • 6 Faculty of Medicine, Capital University (formerly Helwan University), Cairo, Egypt
  • 7 Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq
  • 8 Department of Biology, Salahaddin-Erbil University, Erbil, Iraq
  • 9 Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
  • 10 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  • 11 Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  • 12 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 13 Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
  • 14 Department of Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Osogbo, Nigeria
  • 15 Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
  • 16 College of Health Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie
  • 17 Orthopedics, USBALO - Boycho Boychev, Sofia, Bulgaria
  • 18 Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
  • 19 Department of Public Health, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda
  • 20 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  • 21 Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Space Technology (IST), Islamabad, Pakistan
  • 22 Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
  • 23 Medecins Sans Frontieres - Holland, Doctors Without Borders, Omdurman, Sudan
  • 24 Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
  • 25 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 26 Department of Health Information Management and Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  • 27 College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  • 28 Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
  • 29 Biodiversity and Genomic Unit, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
  • 30 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Anbar Governorate, Iraq
  • 31 Department of Clinical Nursing, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  • 32 Department of Biology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  • 33 College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  • 34 Medical College, Vision Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 35 Department of Pharmacology, Sana'a University, Sanaa, Yemen
  • 36 Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 37 Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento
  • 38 Department of Physiotherapy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  • 39 Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
  • 40 Nursing Department, Higher Colleges of Technology in UAE, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
  • 41 Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
  • 42 Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  • 43 Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
  • 44 Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
  • 45 Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 46 ASIDE Healthcare, Lewes, Delaware
  • 47 Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science Nagpur, Nagpur, India
  • 48 Department of Orthopedics, University of California, Los Angeles
  • 49 Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
  • 50 Applied College, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
  • 51 Pharmaceutical Research, BNJ Biopharma, Incheon, South Korea
  • 52 Health Information Management, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  • 53 Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 54 Department of Surgery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  • 55 Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
  • 56 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  • 57 Department of General Surgery, Plastic Surgery, St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 58 Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Karad, India
  • 59 Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Springfield
  • 60 Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  • 61 Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
  • 62 Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
  • 63 School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  • 64 Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
  • 65 Independent Consultant, Isparta, Türkiye
  • 66 Department of Biology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 67 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
  • 68 Clinical Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
  • 69 John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu
  • 70 Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  • 71 Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
  • 72 Nova Medical School, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
  • 73 Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University, Lubbock
  • 74 Geriatric Department, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
  • 75 JSS Medical College, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysuru, India
  • 76 Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • 77 Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam
  • 78 Nuclear Medicine Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
  • 79 Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
  • 80 Department of Biochemistry, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
  • 81 Independent Consultant, Ahvaz, Iran
  • 82 Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  • 83 Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  • 84 College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 85 Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  • 86 Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  • 87 Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, England
  • 88 MD Anderson Cancer Center Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston
  • 89 Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 90 Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 91 Tanner College of Dental Medicine, University of Pikeville, Pikeville, Kentucky
  • 92 The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Medical University, Fujian, China
  • 93 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
  • 94 Department of Radiography and Imaging Technology, Green International University, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 95 Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysore, India
  • 96 Institute of Public Health, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
  • 97 Department of Medical Epidemiology, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
  • 98 Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
  • 99 Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  • 100 College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
  • 101 Oncological Network, Prevention and Research Institute, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
  • 102 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
  • 103 Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  • 104 Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
  • 105 Department of Public Health, Torrens University Australia, Melbourne, Australia
  • 106 College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  • 107 Kinesiology Department, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca, Chile
  • 108 Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
  • 109 Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Anbar Governorate, Iraq
  • 110 Department of Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Surgery, Thong Nhat Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
  • 111 Kurdistan Higher Council of Medical Specialties, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  • 112 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 113 Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
  • 114 Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
  • 115 Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 116 Nursing Program, Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  • 117 Institute of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 118 Department of Periodontics, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
  • 119 Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
  • 120 Department of Physics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
  • 121 Rubin Institute for Advanced Orthopedics, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland
  • 122 Biomedical Engineering/Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, Irvine
  • 123 Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taiwan, Taichung, Taiwan
  • 124 Scientific and Technological Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  • 125 Department of Accounting, Finance, Healthcare Administration, Information Systems, & Business Analytics, Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, North Carolina
  • 126 Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 127 Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
  • 128 School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle
  • 129 College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  • 130 Section of Economic & Social Sciences, Humanities & Arts, The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO-TWAS, Trieste, Italy
  • 131 Department of Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
  • 132 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
  • 133 Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria
  • 134 Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
  • 135 School of Public Health, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysuru, India
  • 136 Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
  • 137 Elderwood Rehabilitation Clinical Centre, Buffalo, New York
  • 138 Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  • 139 School of Health and Environmental Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 140 Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 141 Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 142 Research & Development Cell (RDC), Parul University Goa, Goa, India
  • 143 Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Hospital, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 144 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas, San Antonio
  • 145 Riphah School of Computing & Innovation, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 146 College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  • 147 Department of Neurosurgery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  • 148 Manchester Centre for Clinical Neurosciences, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom
  • 149 Department of Computer Science, Al-Hadba University, Mosul, Iraq
  • 150 Department of Biomedical Informatics, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 151 Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 152 Department of Research Management, Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  • 153 Department of Orthopaedics, Max Hospital, Lucknow, India
  • 154 Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  • 155 Department of Pharmacy, Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia
  • 156 Faculty of Science, University of Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
  • 157 Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine
  • 158 Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
  • 159 Health Sciences Center, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
  • 160 School of Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador
  • 161 School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
  • 162 Faculty of Pharmacy, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
  • 163 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  • 164 Research Center, Cihan University-Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  • 165 Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Physiotherapy, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarrah, Saudi Arabia
  • 166 Department of Biology, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 167 Cancer Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, India
  • 168 Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  • 169 Faculty of Nursing, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Indonesia
  • 170 Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
  • 171 Golestan Rheumatology Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
  • 172 Unit of Pharmacotherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, University of Groningen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), Groningen, Netherlands
  • 173 Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
  • 174 Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Duhok University, Duhok, Iraq
  • 175 Department of Research Methods, Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, India
  • 176 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
  • 177 School of Bioscience and Clinical Research, Apeejay Stya University, New Delhi, India
  • 178 Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  • 179 Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  • 180 Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
  • 181 Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
  • 182 Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
  • 183 Şırnak Central Community Health Directorate, Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Health, Şırnak, Türkiye
  • 184 University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
  • 185 National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
  • 186 University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
  • 187 Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
  • 188 Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
  • 189 Independent Consultant, Denville, New Jersey
  • 190 College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah
  • 191 Department of Orthopedics, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, India
  • 192 Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  • 193 Center of Excellence in Precision Medicine and Digital Health, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
  • 194 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  • 195 Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  • 196 Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Berwick, Australia
  • 197 Trauma and Emergency Medicine Department, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Madurai, India
  • 198 Faculty of Pharmacy, JSC "South Kazakhstan Medical Academy", Shymkent, Kazakhstan
  • 199 Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
  • 200 Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
  • 201 Department of Family Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  • 202 Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England
  • 203 Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 204 Community Health Department, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
  • 205 Department of Population Health, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York
  • 206 Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  • 207 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, International Medical University, Gdańsk, Poland
  • 208 Oncology Department, Hodaidah University - Al Thawrah Hospital, Hodaidah City, Yemen
  • 209 Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  • 210 Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
  • 211 School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 212 Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 213 Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  • 214 Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  • 215 Precision Medicine Department, Università degli studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli (University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli), Naples, Italy
  • 216 Institute of Radiology, Neuroradiology and Interventional Therapy, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Medical Campus Upper Franconia, Klinikum Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
  • 217 Faculty of Nursing, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 218 Department of Transitional Residency, Lakeland Regional Health, Lakeland, Florida
  • 219 Department of Community and Mental Health Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  • 220 Pediatric Surgical Oncology, ABC Cancer Center, Mexico City, Mexico
  • 221 Department of Orthodontics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
  • 222 School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Gautam Buddh Nagar, India
  • 223 Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
  • 224 Department of Research and Academics, Kathmandu Cancer Center, Bhaktapur, Nepal
  • 225 Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Noida International University, Greater Noida, India
  • 226 Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
  • 227 Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley
  • 228 Department of Systemic Pathology, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, New York
  • 229 Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
  • 230 Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
  • 231 Department of Orthopaedics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
  • 232 Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  • 233 Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
  • 234 Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
  • 235 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
  • 236 Department of Science, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  • 237 Department of Cell Therapy and Applied Genomics, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
  • 238 School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
  • 239 IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
  • 240 College of Health Science, Vin University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
  • 241 University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
  • 242 Department of Physiotherapy, Federal Ministry of Health, Gusau, Nigeria
  • 243 Department of Community Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  • 244 Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
  • 245 Department Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital de Clinicas Jose de San Martin (Jose de San Martín Clinical Hospital), Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • 246 Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England
  • 247 Independent Researcher, Bangalore, India
  • 248 Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
  • 249 Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Melbourne, Australia
  • 250 Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  • 251 Department of Experimental Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
  • 252 Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
  • 253 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
  • 254 Department of Pharmacology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  • 255 Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
  • 256 Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
  • 257 Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China
  • 258 Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
  • 259 School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  • 260 NUS Faculty Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
  • 261 Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  • 262 Department of Building Engineering and Environment, Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tulkarem, Palestine
  • 263 Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute (W.I.A), Chennai, India
JAMA Oncol, 2026 Oct 29.
PMID: 42955027 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2026.4274

Abstract

IMPORTANCE: Primary bone cancers include multiple histologic types, with survival differing by age and location. Results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 were analyzed to support policies and initiatives worldwide.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the global burden of bone cancer from 1990 to 2023 and forecast future trends to 2050.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This systematic analysis estimated bone cancer incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 204 countries and territories grouped by GBD super-regions and World Bank income groups from 1990 to 2023, with forecasts through 2050. Individuals of all ages with bone cancers included in the GBD 2023 study were included in analyses. Data were analyzed from June 2023 to July 2025.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The GBD 2023 study used standardized estimation methods to describe bone cancer incidence, mortality, and DALYs in 2023, as well as trends over the past 3 decades and forecasts through 2050. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), and age-standardized rates (ASRs) were calculated using GBD-specific age weights.

RESULTS: In 2023, there were 111 000 (95% UI, 81 300-164 000) malignant bone cancer cases, 76 600 (95% UI, 60 700-96 300) deaths, and 3.02 million (95% UI, 2.29 million-3.96 million) DALYs globally. A bimodal age distribution was noted in both incidence (peaking at ages 10 to 14 years and 65 to 69 years) and mortality (peaking at ages 15 to 19 years and 65 to 69 years). The highest ASRs for incidence were in Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Oceania (1.6 per 100 000; 95% UI, 1.1-2.4), while Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest ASRs for DALYs (51.0 per 100 000; 95% UI, 27.7-79.7). By World Bank income group, upper-middle-income countries had the highest ASRs for incidence, whereas low-income countries exhibited the highest ASRs for both mortality and DALYs. Globally, incident cases, deaths, and DALYs increased from 1990 to 2023, while global mortality and DALY ASRs were relatively stable; high-income countries experienced a decline in mortality and DALY ASRs. Forecasts suggest a potential increase in global cases and deaths by 2050.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this systematic analysis, the burden of bone cancer varied by age, geography, and time, underscoring global disparities. These findings provide valuable insights to inform health system planning and resource allocation tailored to different settings.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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