Global Burden of Elevated LDL-C: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023

GBD 2023 LDL Cholesterol Collaborators , Razo C 1 , DeCleene NK 1 , Johnson CO 1 , Stark BA 1 , LeGrand K 1 Show all authors , Aalruz H 2 , Abaraogu UO 3 , Abd ElHafeez S 4 , Abdelmasseh M 5 , Abdelnabi M 6 , Abd-Elsalam S 7 , Abdelsalam Elshenawy R 8 , Abdelwahab SI 9 , Abdolizadeh A 10 , Abdollahi A 11 , Abdoun M 12 , Abdrabou MM 13 , Abdulah DM 14 , Abdullahi A 15 , Abdul-Rahman T 16 , Abebe MS 17 , Abebe Getahun H 18 , Abiodun OO 19 , Abiodun O 20 , Abohashem S 21 , Abonie US 22 , Abourashed NM 23 , Abramov D 24 , Abrar MM 25 , Abtahi D 26 , Abu Farha RK 27 , Abubakar B 28 , Abuhelwa AY 29 , Abukhadijah HJ 30 , Aburuz S 31 , Abushanab D 32 , Adams LC 33 , Adamu NLL 34 , Adane MM 35 , Addo IY 36 , Adedokun KA 37 , Adegbile OE 38 , Adegoke NA 39 , Adekola SA 40 , Adeleke OT 41 , Adesina MA 42 , Adisu MA 43 , Adnan M 44 , Afoakwah C 45 , Afolabi AA 46 , Afrashteh F 11 , Afrifa-Yamoah E 47 , Afzal S 48 , Agordoh PD 49 , Agyemang-Duah W 50 , Ahmad A 51 , Ahmad K 52 , Ahmad S 53 , Ahmad S 54 , Ahmed A 55 , Ahmed GS 56 , Ahmed LA 31 , Ahmed MS 57 , Ahmed MS 14 , Ahmed MSA 58 , Ahmed M 59 , Ahmed N 60 , Ahmed SA 61 , Ahmed Z 62 , Aiyer A 63 , Ajami M 26 , Akalanka KHM 64 , Akhtar MN 55 , Akindele MO 15 , Akkaif MA 65 , Akrami AE 66 , Akyea RK 67 , Al Hasan SM 68 , Al Zoubi MAM 69 , Alahdab F 69 , Al-Ahmad MM 70 , Alajajian S 71 , Alajlani MM 72 , Alalwan TA 73 , Al-Aly Z 68 , Al-Amri IS 74 , Alanzi TM 75 , Alarifi A 76 , Al-Ashwal FY 77 , Al-Azayzih A 78 , Al-Azzam S 78 , Al-Bashaireh AM 79 , Albashtawy M 80 , Al-Dewik N 32 , Aleidi SM 29 , Algahtani FD 44 , Algammal AM 81 , Alhabib KF 82 , Alhalaiqa FN 83 , Ali A 84 , Ali A 85 , Ali BR 31 , Ali MD 86 , Ali MU 87 , Ali R 88 , Ali SS 89 , Al-Iede M 90 , Alif SM 91 , Alipour M 92 , Al-Jabi SW 93 , Aljunid SM 94 , Alkhatib MH 74 , Alkubati SA 44 , Allawi RH 95 , Allemailem KS 96 , Allouh MZ 78 , Almagharbeh WT 97 , Almahmeed W 98 , Al-Marwani S 99 , Almazan JU 100 , Alnaeem MM 101 , Alniss HY 29 , Alomari MA 78 , Alotaibi HFF 102 , Alqahtani SA 103 , AlQudah M 78 , Alqudimat MR 104 , Al-Qudimat AR 32 , Al-Raddadi RM 105 , Alrimawi I 106 , Alrousan SM 107 , Alsbou M 108 , Alshahrani NZ 109 , Al-Shami AS 110 , Altaany Z 111 , Altaf A 55 , Althobiani MA 105 , Altwalbeh D 112 , Alwafi H 113 , Al-Worafi YM 114 , Aly H 115 , Al-Zalabani AH 116 , Alzoubi A 78 , Alzoubi KH 83 , Al-Zubairi AS 110 , Amafah J 117 , Mohammadi MA 118 , Amin A 29 , Amini S 119 , Amini-Salehi E 120 , Amusa GA 121 , Ananda RA 122 , Ancuceanu R 123 , Ang SP 124 , Anieto EM 125 , Anil A 126 , Anjana P 127 , Anuoluwa BS 128 , Anvari S 120 , Anwar SL 129 , Anyasodor AE 64 , Appati W 130 , Arabloo J 11 , Arafa EA 108 , Arafat M 70 , Aravkin AY 131 , Areda D 132 , Arefnezhad R 133 , Aregawi BB 134 , Arias de la Torre J 135 , Aripov T 136 , Arockiaraj J 137 , de Arruda GA 138 , Asdaq SMB 139 , Asghari-Jafarabadi M 140 , Ashraf S 141 , Ashraf SA 44 , Ashraf T 142 , Asiamah-Asare BKY 143 , Atac O 144 , Athar M 113 , Athari SS 145 , Atorkey P 146 , Aurangzeb K 82 , Awan SJ 55 , Awan UA 147 , Awol KLL 148 , Awotidebe AW 15 , Ayala CO 149 , Ayli BI 150 , Azad AKM 151 , Azarboo A 152 , Aziz SA 153 , Azzam AY 154 , Azzolino D 155 , Babiker R 156 , Babu AS 157 , Babu GR 83 , Badar M 158 , Badiye AD 159 , Badran AA 160 , Baghlaf KK 105 , Baig AA 97 , Bakhshali MA 161 , Balabekova M 162 , Balakrishnan S 163 , Baltatu OC 164 , Banach M 165 , Banik PC 166 , Barqawi HJ 29 , Barrow A 167 , Barua L 166 , Bashir MI 168 , Bashir S 55 , Bashiri A 133 , Bastan MM 11 , Bayat M 152 , Bayih MT 35 , Beeraka NM 169 , Begum T 170 , Behera P 126 , Behera SM 126 , Behnam B 171 , Bejarano Ramirez DF 172 , Belayneh M 35 , Bello AB 173 , Belo L 174 , Berihun AA 175 , Bhaskar S 176 , Bhattacharjee P 177 , Bhatti GK 178 , Bhatti JS 179 , Biswas A 180 , Biswas B 181 , Bizzozero-Peroni B 182 , Bodur M 183 , Bogale SK 35 , Bohn L 174 , Boloor A 184 , Bolourinejad P 185 , Bonny A 186 , Botero Carvajal A 187 , Bouaoud S 188 , Boudalia S 189 , Britton G 190 , Bugiardini R 191 , Busch F 33 , Bustanji Y 29 , Butt ZA 192 , Campos LA 193 , Cao Y 194 , Catapano AL 195 , Cegolon L 196 , Cembranel F 197 , Cenko E 191 , Cerin E 198 , Chadwick J 199 , Chakraborty C 200 , Chandika RM 9 , Chandrasekar EK 201 , Chandrasekaran B 202 , Chattu VK 203 , Chau LD 204 , Chaudhary AA 151 , Chaudhuri S 205 , Cheema AAA 206 , Chen AT 207 , Chen H 208 , Chen H 209 , Cheng H 210 , Cheung KC 211 , Chew NWS 194 , Chi G 212 , Chichagi F 152 , Ching PR 213 , Cho WCS 214 , Choi DW 215 , Chong B 194 , Chopra D 216 , Chopra H 217 , Chopra S 218 , Choudhari SG 219 , Chu DT 220 , Chukwu CW 221 , Chung SC 222 , Chung S 223 , Cicero AFG 191 , Cosma C 224 , Criqui MH 225 , Cruz-Martins N 174 , Dadras O 226 , Dahabiyeh L 90 , Dahal Khatri B 227 , Dai X 131 , Dai Z 36 , Dalakoti M 194 , D'Amico E 228 , Damtie ET 35 , Dandona L 131 , Dandona R 131 , D'Anna L 229 , Danpanichkul P 230 , Darcho SD 60 , Dardas LA 90 , Das SK 231 , Davletov D 162 , Davletov K 162 , Dejenie TA 18 , Del Bo' C 232 , Delgado-Enciso I 233 , Denova-Gutiérrez E 234 , Dergaa I 235 , Derseh HA 35 , Derviševic E 236 , Desale AT 237 , Devanbu VGC 238 , Devegowda D 239 , Dewan SMR 240 , Dhali A 241 , Dhimal M 227 , Dhungel B 242 , Dias da Silva D 174 , Didehvar K 243 , Ding X 244 , Do TC 245 , Do THP 246 , Dohare S 9 , Dong D 247 , D'Oria M 196 , Dorostkar F 11 , Doshi OP 248 , Doshi RP 249 , Dourado PMM 250 , Dowou RK 49 , Dresse MT 251 , Du M 252 , Duncan BB 253 , Duraes AR 254 , Ebohon O 95 , Ebraheim LLM 255 , Edeh C 175 , Eftekhari B 120 , Sedeh AE 21 , Ekholuenetale M 256 , El Arab RA 257 , Eladl MA 58 , Eldaboush A 258 , El-Dahiyat F 70 , Elgendy IY 212 , Elhadi M 259 , Elhoumed M 260 , El-Huneidi W 29 , Elmeligy OAA 4 , Elmonem MA 13 , Elmoselhi AB 29 , Elnaem MH 261 , Eltahawy AS 262 , Etaee F 263 , Fabin N 264 , Fadaka AO 265 , Fagbamigbe AF 173 , Fakhradiyev IR 259 , Fakorede S 266 , Farasani A 9 , Fareed M 139 , Farhana A 267 , Faris MEM 27 , Farsi F 152 , Fatima Z 55 , Fayaz M 268 , Fazylov T 162 , Fekadu G 269 , Fernandez-Jimenez R 270 , Ferreira N 271 , Fischer F 272 , Fogacci F 191 , Fonzo M 273 , Foschi M 274 , Gadanya MA 15 , Gajdács M 275 , Galali Y 276 , Ganesan B 277 , Ganesh B 199 , Gangachannaiah S 157 , Gao D 278 , Garcia-Azorin D 279 , Garg P 280 , Gasevic D 281 , Gautam RK 282 , Gaye B 283 , Gebresilassie MH 25 , Getacher L 284 , Gete KY 35 , Ghadirian F 26 , Ghaffari K 152 , Ghaffari Jolfayi A 26 , Ghamkhar A 285 , Gharaibeh L 286 , Ghasemi M 26 , Ghazy RM 4 , Ghimire S 227 , Ghith N 287 , Gil AU 288 , Gilani SA 74 , Gill PS 289 , Gnedovskaya EV 290 , Goh LH 194 , Gohari K 291 , Gohil MN 292 , Golechha M 293 , Goleij P 294 , Golmohammadi M 26 , Goulart AC 295 , Goyal A 115 , Grada A 296 , Grover A 297 , Gu L 298 , Gubari MIM 153 , Gufue ZH 134 , Guha A 296 , Gunawardane DA 299 , Guo Z 300 , Gupta R 301 , Gupta S 302 , Gurgoglione FL 303 , Guzman-Esquivel J 304 , Guzmán-Muñoz E 305 , Haghtalab A 118 , Nam NH 306 , Hailu KT 307 , Halder P 308 , Hamdy NM 309 , Hamidi H 310 , Hamidi S 311 , Hammad EA 90 , Hamoudi R 222 , Hanif A 312 , Hanifi N 145 , Hankey GJ 313 , Harsini S 314 , Hartmann P 225 , Hasan I 315 , Hashempur MH 133 , Hasnain MS 200 , Hassan A 13 , Hassan IN 316 , Hassan I 317 , Hassan N 108 , Hassan TS 182 , Hassan Ahmed O 318 , Hayat K 319 , Hebert JJ 320 , Helmy YA 321 , Hezam K 322 , Hiraike Y 323 , Holla R 157 , Hoseinzadeh M 318 , Hostiuc M 123 , Hostiuc S 123 , Hotwani P 324 , Htay MNN 325 , Hu Y 326 , Huang J 327 , Huang YS 328 , Hushmandi K 329 , Hussein D 330 , Hussein MA 218 , Hwang BF 331 , Ibitoye SE 173 , Ibrahim IA 332 , Ibrahim KS 333 , Ibrayeva A 162 , Ikiroma A 334 , Ikram J 115 , Ilesanmi OS 335 , Ilic IM 336 , Ilic MD 337 , Imam MT 338 , Imani M 152 , Imodoye SO 339 , Imoh LC 121 , Inbaraj LR 340 , Ionescu AI 123 , Ionescu RT 341 , Iqhrammullah M 342 , Irham LM 343 , Ishaqui AA 344 , Islek D 212 , Ismail NE 345 , Ismoldayev Y 162 , Isola G 346 , Iwagami M 347 , Iyer M 348 , Izquierdo-Condoy JSS 349 , Jacob J 126 , Jafari-Khounigh A 350 , Jahanshahi A 120 , Jahrami H 351 , Jakovljevic M 352 , Jamal A 353 , Jamali N 354 , Jamaluddin J 355 , James J 137 , Jamshidi M 356 , Jansen R 357 , Jarrahi E 358 , Javaid SS 359 , Jawaid T 151 , Jayasinghe YA 360 , Jebasingh FK 242 , Jemal M 361 , Jeong S 259 , Jeswani BM 175 , Ji Z 362 , Jibat NT 175 , Jin W 269 , Jokar M 363 , Joo T 364 , Joseph AP 365 , Joseph MA 366 , Joseph N 184 , Raj JVSJM 367 , Joshi K 368 , Joshua CE 369 , Jung SH 370 , Jürisson M 371 , K V 157 , Kadir DHH 372 , Kahe F 373 , Kakkar AK 308 , Kalani R 131 , Kalavani K 374 , Kalra S 178 , Kamenova S 162 , Kamorudeen RT 375 , Kamyshnyi O 376 , Kanaan SF 83 , Kanmodi KK 377 , Kansal S 378 , Kantar RS 379 , Kapoor N 159 , Kar D 380 , Karajizadeh M 133 , Karakasis P 381 , Karasneh RA 382 , Karimi A 133 , Karimi Behnagh A 11 , Karun S 383 , Kashoo FZ 57 , Kashyap MK 384 , Kausar MA 44 , Kazemian S 152 , Kebede YT 385 , Kesse-Guyot E 386 , Khademi R 133 , Khader YS 78 , Khajuria H 387 , Khaleel A 388 , Khalid N 389 , Khalid S 390 , Khalil AA 55 , Khalili A 120 , Khalili P 11 , Khan A 74 , Khan M 9 , Khan MAS 391 , Khan MI 392 , Khan MAB 31 , Khan MH 393 , Khan S 394 , Khan S 88 , Khan YS 44 , Khasbage SU 395 , Khatatbeh MM 382 , Kheirallah KA 78 , Khoshvaght S 217 , Khosla P 263 , Khosravi S 396 , Kim HJ 397 , Kim K 398 , Kimokoti RW 399 , Kisa A 400 , Kishore L 401 , Kivimäki M 222 , Kokkorakis M 212 , Kolahi AA 26 , Kompani F 152 , Kondybayeva A 162 , Korzh O 402 , Kostev K 403 , Koulmane Laxminarayana SL 404 , Krishan K 405 , Kua CH 406 , Kuddus M 44 , Kulimbet M 407 , Kulkarni V 408 , Kumar C 387 , Kumar D 409 , Kumar GA 410 , Kumar J 308 , Kumar L 141 , Kumar N 411 , Kumar SK 412 , Kundu A 321 , Kundu S 413 , Kunutsor SK 414 , Kurniasari MD 415 , Kurpad KP 416 , Kusuma D 417 , Kytö V 418 , Lahariya C 419 , Lai DTC 420 , Lai H 421 , Lajunen T 422 , Lakanova B 407 , Lallukka T 422 , Lantos T 275 , Larebo YM 423 , Larsson AO 424 , Lasrado S 425 , Le DT 426 , Le TTT 427 , Le T 427 , Le TTB 427 , Ledda C 346 , Lee H 428 , Lee H 259 , Lee SW 429 , Lee SV 162 , Lee SW 430 , Lee WC 431 , Leivaditis V 432 , Lema GK 433 , Lemma DA 423 , Lenjisa J 434 , Lewis MS 404 , Li C 47 , Li MC 435 , Li Q 326 , Li S 436 , Li X 437 , Li Y 438 , Lim LL 327 , Lindholm D 424 , Liu H 439 , Liu X 440 , Liu X 115 , Liu Y 441 , Livingstone KM 442 , Llanaj E 443 , Lodhi MS 55 , Lokunarangoda NC 444 , López-Gil JF 445 , Lorkowski S 446 , Lucchetti G 447 , Lui PPY 327 , Luo P 448 , Lv L 449 , Lytvyak E 450 , M Amin HI 276 , Ma KS 258 , Mabrok M 81 , Machoy-Rakoczy M 451 , Madinehzad SA 26 , Maffia P 452 , Magaña Gómez JA 453 , Mahalleh M 152 , Mahmood NH 454 , Malik AA 105 , Malik MZ 455 , Malik T 456 , Malta DC 457 , Mamand DR 333 , Maniya MT 458 , Mannethodi K 32 , Mansoor F 459 , Mansourian M 185 , Manzoor S 29 , Maqsood K 460 , Marateb HR 461 , Marghani BH 160 , Marino M 195 , Martinez-Piedra R 462 , Martini D 195 , Martini S 463 , Martorell M 464 , März W 465 , Marzouk S 95 , Masi S 466 , Masrouri S 26 , Mathur N 467 , Matozinhos FP 457 , Mattiello R 253 , Maude RJ 468 , Mavrovounis G 469 , McPhail SM 408 , Mehto S 470 , Meles HN 134 , Mendoza W 471 , Menezes GA 472 , Menezes RG 75 , Mengistie EA 35 , Menon TP 473 , Mensah GA 297 , Merlino G 474 , Mestrovic T 1 , Mettananda CDK 475 , Mettananda S 475 , Metwally MMM 255 , Miao Jonasson J 476 , Mikrajab MAN 477 , Minhas AMK 478 , Mirrakhimov EM 479 , Mitra S 480 , Mitra T 481 , Mittal M 482 , Modi D 483 , Mohamed MG 156 , Mohamed NS 484 , Mohamed Ahmed KAH 316 , Mohammad AM 14 , Mohammad T 88 , Mohammadi A 485 , Mohammadi M 486 , Mohammadi S 74 , Mohammadian-Hafshejani A 487 , Mohammed O 488 , Mohan S 218 , Mohsen Y 175 , Molla TS 18 , Molokhia M 135 , Monazzami A 489 , Moni MA 170 , Montazeri Namin S 490 , Moodi Ghalibaf A 161 , Morovvati M 152 , Mosaddeghi Heris R 350 , Motappa R 184 , Mousavi SA 358 , Mousavi Kiasary SMS 133 , Mozafar M 152 , Mozahheb Yousefi K 11 , Mubarik S 491 , Muhammad JS 492 , Munkhsaikhan Y 493 , Munshi A 179 , Musa S 494 , Muthu S 495 , Mwita JC 496 , Myung W 397 , Nabipoorashrafi S 131 , Nagarajan AJ 497 , Naik GR 498 , Naik H 499 , Nainu F 500 , Nargus S 55 , Nartey Y 501 , Nasrollahizadeh A 152 , Nassar M 502 , Natto ZS 105 , Nauman J 31 , Naureen Z 74 , Navaratna SNK 299 , Nawaiseh HK 503 , Nayak BP 387 , Nayak VC 157 , Nazari M 26 , Ndakotsu AK 106 , Nega AT 35 , Nega MH 433 , Negash AA 175 , Negoi I 123 , Nejad Shahrokh Abadi R 161 , Nematollahi MH 504 , Nguyen CD 318 , Nguyen CT 505 , Nguyen HTH 318 , Nguyen NP 506 , Nguyen PT 507 , Nguyen VT 427 , Niazi RK 508 , Nieddu L 509 , Nketia R 452 , Nomura S 510 , Noreen M 511 , Nawsherwan 512 , Noubiap JJ 513 , Nri-Ezedi CA 514 , Ntsekhe M 515 , Nugen F 516 , Nur A 517 , Oancea B 341 , Odat RM 78 , Oddi FM 518 , Odediji SA 519 , Ogunmodede OS 480 , Oh IH 520 , Ojedoyin OO 521 , Ojo OA 522 , Okati-Aliabad H 523 , Okekunle AP 173 , Okonji OC 524 , Oliveira GMM 525 , Olorukooba AA 494 , Ong QC 526 , Ordak M 527 , Orru H 371 , Orscelik A 528 , Ortiz A 529 , Ortiz-Prado E 530 , Osborne A 531 , Osei GN 532 , Ostrominski JW 212 , Osuagwu UL 533 , Oumer A 60 , Ouyahia A 12 , Owolabi MO 173 , Oyebola K 534 , Ozsahin I 535 , Padukudru Anand M 536 , Padron-Monedero A 537 , Padubidri JR 184 , Palicz T 364 , Panda SK 538 , Pandi-Perumal SR 539 , Panos GD 381 , Papa MV 540 , Papadimopoulos I 191 , Pardhan S 541 , Parija PP 542 , Parikh RR 543 , Pascucci E 544 , Pasovic M 131 , Passera R 545 , Patel KN 266 , Patel M 546 , Patel NN 547 , Patel NR 292 , Patel S 548 , Patil A 549 , Patil S 550 , Patoulias D 381 , Pattnaik S 551 , Pazoki Toroudi H 11 , Pekarcikova J 552 , Peprah P 553 , Pereira G 554 , Perico N 555 , Perna S 195 , Petermann-Rocha F 556 , Pirera E 557 , Pirnejad H 558 , Plotnikov E 559 , Poddighe D 560 , Poluru R 561 , Porntaveetus T 562 , Pradhan PMS 212 , Prasad M 563 , Prashant A 564 , Prates EJS 457 , Pugliese NR 466 , Puvvula J 258 , Qi X 379 , Qiu JY 565 , Qureshi A 566 , Radhakrishnan V 567 , Raghav P 568 , Raghav YSR 9 , Raghuveer P 569 , Rahamon SK 173 , Rahim F 570 , Rahim HM 56 , Rahimi S 571 , Rahman FM 153 , Rahman MM 572 , Rahman MHU 573 , Rahman M 572 , Rahman MA 574 , Raj JP 157 , Raja A 141 , Rajendran J 115 , Rajput P 575 , Ramadan MM 58 , Ramasamy C 576 , Ramasamy SK 577 , Rao AG 141 , Rao M 157 , Rao SJ 578 , Rashedi V 579 , Rasouli-Saravani A 26 , Rath S 126 , Rathi I 580 , Rathish D 581 , Rauniyar SK 323 , Rawaf DL 229 , Rawaf S 229 , Rawassizadeh R 562 , Ray A 582 , Reddy MMRK 583 , Redwan EM 584 , Rehman NU 585 , Remuzzi G 555 , Rezaei M 586 , Rezaei N 152 , Rezaeian M 587 , Rodriguez JAB 289 , Roever L 588 , Romadlon DS 562 , Romoli M 526 , Rony MKK 589 , Ross AGP 108 , Roy S 590 , Roy S 591 , Rubeshkumar P 592 , Russo M 593 , Rwegerera GM 496 , Saad AMA 255 , Saber-Ayad MM 13 , Sabet CJ 106 , Sadarangani KP 556 , Sadat Rafiei SK 26 , Saddique MN 594 , Sadee BA 372 , Sadeghi E 595 , Sadeghi E 133 , Sadeghi M 185 , Sadek B 31 , Sadek M 596 , Sadr H 120 , Saeb MR 597 , Saeed M 44 , Saeed U 598 , Saeedi M 599 , Safiullah M 600 , Saghazadeh A 152 , Sagoe D 601 , Sah AK 602 , Sharif-Askari FS 29 , Sahebkar A 161 , Sajadi SM 603 , Sajid MR 604 , Saki M 605 , Sakshaug JW 606 , Salami AA 607 , Saleem RSZ 608 , Saleh MA 160 , Salehi M 516 , Salihu AT 281 , Salimi S 26 , Samargandy S 105 , Samodra YL 609 , Samy AM 309 , Saravanan A 568 , Sarfo JO 532 , Sarmadi M 571 , Sarode GS 610 , Sarode SC 610 , Sarrafzadegan N 499 , Sassano M 191 , Sathian B 32 , Sathya Narayanan MK 611 , Savabi Far M 612 , Schlaich MP 313 , Schuermans A 613 , Schwarz G 614 , Sejben A 275 , Selvaraj S 610 , Semreen MH 29 , Senol YC 528 , Serban D 123 , Sessa F 346 , Sethi Y 615 , Setiawan CH 616 , Sewor C 617 , Seylani A 618 , Shahid S 55 , Shahini E 619 , Shahrahmani F 161 , Shahwan MJ 108 , Sham S 620 , Shamim MA 568 , Shamsi A 88 , Shan D 621 , Shanawaz M 9 , Shannawaz M 387 , Sharif N 622 , Sharifan A 623 , Sharma BK 624 , Sharma B 625 , Sharma K 626 , Sharma M 627 , Sharma RK 539 , Sharma U 179 , Sharma V 405 , Shastry S 157 , Shehzadi S 55 , Sheidaei A 152 , Shenoy RR 157 , Shetty M 628 , Shetty PH 629 , Shi F 630 , Shi HZ 613 , Shi Y 631 , Shimels T 148 , Shiri R 632 , Shittu A 28 , Shiue I 633 , Shoaib A 9 , Shool S 152 , Shorofi SA 498 , Shrestha S 634 , Shuval K 635 , Sia CH 194 , Siddig EE 316 , Siddiqi AK 636 , Siddiqua A 637 , Silva DAS 197 , Silva LMLR 638 , Simkhada PP 639 , Singh A 378 , Singh B 179 , Singh H 640 , Singh H 641 , Singh JA 478 , Singh L 642 , Singh P 643 , Singh PS 387 , Singh P 644 , Singh S 645 , Singh SK 179 , Singh S 568 , Singh V 646 , Sinha MK 157 , Sinha R 647 , Skryabin VY 648 , Sokhal BS 649 , Sood P 650 , Soraneh S 118 , Sorensen RJD 131 , Sorrentino M 651 , Spartalis M 652 , Srivastav P 157 , Stachteas P 381 , Stanikzai MH 653 , Starodubova AV 654 , Straube S 450 , Stubbs P 655 , Su CY 656 , Subramaniyan V 657 , Suhag A 501 , Sulaieva O 658 , Sulaiman SK 659 , Suleiman Odidi M 660 , Sulistiyorini D 661 , Sun J 64 , Sun Z 662 , Swain CK 663 , Szarpak L 664 , Ty SS 181 , Tabaee Damavandi P 665 , Tabarés-Seisdedos R 666 , Tabatabaei SM 161 , Tabatabaeizadeh SA 667 , Tabatabai S 668 , Tabche C 229 , Tadele A 456 , Tagiisuran B 212 , Taha Osman Ali E 316 , Taheri Soodejani M 669 , Taiba J 670 , Tajabadi S 612 , Talic S 281 , Talukder A 671 , Tamehri Zadeh SS 313 , Tamiru Adugna D 456 , Tampa M 123 , Tan J 448 , Tanabayeva D 499 , Tanashat M 382 , Tang J 672 , Tantisattamo E 673 , Tariku MK 361 , Tariq S 492 , Tavangar SM 152 , Tedla MG 674 , Temsah R 164 , Teramoto M 95 , Tesfamariam WB 433 , Tesfu AA 35 , Tewari J 646 , Thakar V 292 , Thangavelu L 218 , Tharwat I 675 , Tharwat S 160 , Thienemann F 515 , Thiruvengadam M 676 , Thomas NK 677 , Ticoalu JHV 678 , Tiruye TY 361 , Tiwari K 568 , Tleshev M 162 , Tomo S 568 , Tonelli M 363 , Topor-Madry R 679 , Touvier M 680 , Tovani-Palone MR 218 , Tran AT 245 , Tran TH 427 , Tran Minh Duc N 681 , Trico D 466 , Tristan CD 682 , Tse G 440 , Tseriotis VS 222 , Tualeka AR 683 , Tye SC 212 , Udoakang AJ 128 , Ullah A 74 , Ullah R 82 , Ullah S 459 , Umair M 684 , Umar L 685 , Upadhya D 157 , Upadhyay E 686 , Usman JS 211 , Uzun Ozsahin D 29 , Uzunçibuk H 687 , Vaithinathan AG 73 , Vakili O 185 , Van den Eynde J 613 , Varghese J 9 , Vasankari TJ 688 , Vellingiri B 179 , Venketasubramanian N 194 , Verma AK 582 , Verma P 538 , Villalobos-Daniel VE 689 , Vlassov V 690 , Wan JY 353 , Wang C 691 , Wang N 36 , Wang Q 692 , Wang S 693 , Wang S 326 , Wang W 436 , Wang W 252 , Wang W 692 , Wang Y 135 , Wang Y 436 , Wang Z 694 , Wani TAA 82 , Waqar AB 55 , Wei MY 695 , Weintraub RG 696 , Wibowo YC 697 , Wicaksana AL 129 , Wickramasinghe DP 698 , Wickramasinghe ND 581 , Wilandika A 699 , Witts WK 700 , Wonde TE 655 , Wongsin U 701 , Wu P 702 , Xiao G 421 , Xie W 703 , Xu S 328 , Xu S 201 , Xu W 212 , Xu X 704 , Yadav V 705 , Yadegar A 152 , Yahoo S 467 , Yamagishi K 347 , Yang H 326 , Yano Y 706 , Yao H 353 , Yarahmadi A 161 , Yaribeygi H 707 , Yesuf SA 708 , Yin D 692 , Yismaw YE 35 , Yon DK 428 , Yonemoto N 706 , Yu C 709 , Yu EA 513 , Yu H 710 , Yu Y 711 , Yuan Q 712 , Yuzbashian E 713 , Zafar M 44 , Zaghampour M 490 , Zamagni G 714 , Zamora N 715 , Zanghì A 228 , Zargar S 82 , Zawiah M 716 , Zeariya MGM 44 , Zeru EM 175 , Zhang B 717 , Zhang CJP 718 , Zhang H 719 , Zhang JMF 720 , Zhang Y 721 , Zhang Z 722 , Zhanuzakov M 723 , Zhao Z 724 , Zheng MH 725 , Zhong A 212 , Zhong CC 327 , Zhou H 726 , Zhou J 577 , Zhou XD 725 , Zhu Z 727 , Zhumagaliuly A 162 , Zitoun OA 192 , Zoghi G 728 , Zoromba MA 160 , Zumla A 222 , Zyoud AH 93 , Zyoud SH 93 , Zyoud SH 729 , Hay SI 1 , Mokdad AH 1 , Murray CJL 1 , Roth GA 1

Affiliations 

  • 1 Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
  • 2 Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  • 3 University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
  • 4 Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
  • 5 Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
  • 6 Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
  • 7 Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
  • 8 West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
  • 9 Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
  • 10 St George's University, St George's, Grenada
  • 11 Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 12 University of Setif Algeria, Setif, Algeria
  • 13 Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 14 University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
  • 15 Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
  • 16 Toufik's World Medical Association, Sumy, Ukraine
  • 17 Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
  • 18 University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
  • 19 Federal Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria
  • 20 Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
  • 21 Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
  • 22 Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
  • 23 University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
  • 24 Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California
  • 25 Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 26 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 27 Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
  • 28 Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
  • 29 University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
  • 30 Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
  • 31 United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
  • 32 Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
  • 33 Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
  • 34 Modibbo Adama University, Yola, Yola, Nigeria
  • 35 Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
  • 36 University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  • 37 Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
  • 38 East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
  • 39 The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  • 40 University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria
  • 41 Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
  • 42 Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 43 Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
  • 44 University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
  • 45 Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
  • 46 MSI Nigeria Reproductive Choices, Abuja, Nigeria
  • 47 Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
  • 48 King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 49 University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
  • 50 Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
  • 51 Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
  • 52 King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 53 Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
  • 54 School of Surgery Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom
  • 55 The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 56 University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  • 57 Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
  • 58 Mansoura University Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
  • 59 Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  • 60 Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
  • 61 East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
  • 62 Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto University Islamabad Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
  • 63 Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, Pune, India
  • 64 Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
  • 65 Fudan University, Shanghai, China
  • 66 Midwestern University, Downers Grove, Illinois
  • 67 University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
  • 68 Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
  • 69 University of Texas, Houston, Texas
  • 70 Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  • 71 Wuqu' Kawoq, Maya Health Alliance, Tecpán, Guatemala
  • 72 Arab International University, Damascus, Syria
  • 73 University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain
  • 74 University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
  • 75 Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  • 76 Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 77 Al-Ayen Iraqi University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
  • 78 Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
  • 79 Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
  • 80 Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
  • 81 Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
  • 82 King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 83 Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
  • 84 Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
  • 85 All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
  • 86 Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
  • 87 University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
  • 88 Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
  • 89 University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
  • 90 The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  • 91 Federation University Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 92 University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
  • 93 An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
  • 94 International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 95 Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
  • 96 Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
  • 97 University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
  • 98 Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  • 99 Independent Consultant, Amman, Jordan
  • 100 Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
  • 101 Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  • 102 Ministry of Defense Health Services, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 103 King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 104 American University of the Middle East, Egaila, Kuwait
  • 105 King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  • 106 Georgetown University, Washington, DC
  • 107 Ministry of Finance, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  • 108 Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
  • 109 University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  • 110 Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
  • 111 Higher College of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  • 112 Al-Balqa Applied University, Karak, Jordan
  • 113 Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
  • 114 Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  • 115 Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
  • 116 Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
  • 117 University of Central Nicaragua, Washington, DC
  • 118 Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
  • 119 Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
  • 120 Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
  • 121 University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
  • 122 Eastern Health, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
  • 123 Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
  • 124 Rutgers University, Toms River, New Jersey
  • 125 University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
  • 126 All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
  • 127 Charotar University of Science and Technology, Petlad, India
  • 128 University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
  • 129 Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  • 130 Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
  • 131 University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
  • 132 Ottawa University, Surprise, Arizona
  • 133 Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
  • 134 Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
  • 135 King's College London, London, United Kingdom
  • 136 Tashkent Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
  • 137 Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
  • 138 University of Pernambuco-UPE, Recife, Brazil
  • 139 AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 140 Cabrini Health, Malvern, Victoria, Australia
  • 141 Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
  • 142 Pioneer Journal of Biostatistics and Medical Research (PJBMR), Lahore, Pakistan
  • 143 Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 144 Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkiye
  • 145 Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
  • 146 University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
  • 147 The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
  • 148 Saint Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 149 Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  • 150 Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkiye
  • 151 Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 152 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 153 University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  • 154 ASIDE Healthcare, Lewes, Delaware
  • 155 Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
  • 156 RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Alkhaimah, United Arab Emirates
  • 157 Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
  • 158 Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
  • 159 Government Institute of Forensic Science Nagpur, Nagpur, India
  • 160 Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
  • 161 Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
  • 162 Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  • 163 Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, Chennai, India
  • 164 Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 165 Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
  • 166 Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 167 University of The Gambia, Banjul, The Gambia
  • 168 Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia, Terengganu, Malaysia
  • 169 IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
  • 170 The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
  • 171 American University, Washington, DC
  • 172 Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá (University Hospital Santa Fe Foundation of Bogotá), Bogota, Colombia
  • 173 University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 174 University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
  • 175 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
  • 176 NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  • 177 Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
  • 178 Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
  • 179 Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
  • 180 Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, India
  • 181 All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, India
  • 182 Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
  • 183 Ankara University, Ankara, Turkiye
  • 184 Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
  • 185 Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
  • 186 University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
  • 187 Universidad Santiago de Cali, Cali, Colombia
  • 188 University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
  • 189 Guelma University, Guelma, Algeria
  • 190 CEVAXIN, Panama City, Panama
  • 191 University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
  • 192 University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
  • 193 Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
  • 194 National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
  • 195 University of Milan, Milan, Italy
  • 196 University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
  • 197 Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
  • 198 Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 199 National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
  • 200 Adamas University, Kolkata, India
  • 201 University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
  • 202 Symbiosis International University, Pune, India
  • 203 Semey Medical University (SMU), Semey, Kazakhstan
  • 204 The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston), Houston, Texas
  • 205 Indian Institute of Public Health, Hyderabad, India
  • 206 International University of Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  • 207 Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
  • 208 Curtin University, Miri, Malaysia
  • 209 Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
  • 210 Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
  • 211 Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
  • 212 Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
  • 213 Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
  • 214 Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
  • 215 National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
  • 216 All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bilaspur, India
  • 217 Chitkara University, Rajpura, India
  • 218 Saveetha University, Chennai, India
  • 219 Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India
  • 220 VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Vietnam
  • 221 Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia
  • 222 University College London, London, United Kingdom
  • 223 Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
  • 224 University of Florence, Florence, Italy
  • 225 University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
  • 226 Northern Territory Government, Darwin, South Australia, Australia
  • 227 Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
  • 228 University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
  • 229 Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
  • 230 Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
  • 231 Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Chittoor, India
  • 232 Università degli Studi di Milano (University of Milan), Milan, Italy
  • 233 University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
  • 234 Salvador Zubiran National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico
  • 235 University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
  • 236 University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • 237 Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
  • 238 Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India
  • 239 Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysuru, India
  • 240 United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 241 Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
  • 242 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 243 Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
  • 244 University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
  • 245 Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  • 246 Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Vietnam
  • 247 Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
  • 248 Independent Consultant, Bridgewater, New Jersey
  • 249 Hackettstown Medical Center, Hackettstown, New Jersey
  • 250 University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
  • 251 University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
  • 252 Shandong University, Jinan, China
  • 253 Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
  • 254 Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
  • 255 Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
  • 256 University of Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom
  • 257 Almoosa College of Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
  • 258 University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
  • 259 Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 260 Ministry of Health, Nouakchott, Mauritania
  • 261 Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
  • 262 Damanhour University, Damanhur, Egypt
  • 263 Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
  • 264 Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
  • 265 Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
  • 266 University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
  • 267 Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
  • 268 Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
  • 269 City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  • 270 Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) (National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Research), Madrid, Spain
  • 271 University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
  • 272 Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
  • 273 University of Padova, Italy, Padova, Italy
  • 274 Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Ravenna, Italy
  • 275 University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
  • 276 Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
  • 277 Institute of Health & Management, Australia, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 278 Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
  • 279 University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
  • 280 Autonomous State Medical College Firozabad, Firozabad, India
  • 281 Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
  • 282 Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Noida, India
  • 283 Alliance for Medical Research in Africa (AMedRA), Dakar, Senegal
  • 284 Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
  • 285 Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
  • 286 Amman Arab University, Amman, Jordan
  • 287 Danish Cancer Research Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
  • 288 World Health Organization (WHO), Astana, Kazakhstan
  • 289 University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
  • 290 Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
  • 291 Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
  • 292 Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, India
  • 293 Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
  • 294 Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
  • 295 Universidade de São Paulo (University of São Paulo), São Paulo, Brazil
  • 296 Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
  • 297 National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
  • 298 Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
  • 299 University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
  • 300 Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
  • 301 Eternal Heart Care Centre & Research Institute, Jaipur, India
  • 302 Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India
  • 303 Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
  • 304 Mexican Institute of Social Segurity, Colima, Mexico
  • 305 Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca, Chile
  • 306 Thong Nhat Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  • 307 University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
  • 308 Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
  • 309 Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
  • 310 Quinnipiac University, Frank H Netter MD School of Medicine, St Vincent's Medical Center, Bridgeport, Connecticut
  • 311 Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
  • 312 Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkiye
  • 313 The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
  • 314 University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  • 315 University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 316 University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
  • 317 Federal University Teaching Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria
  • 318 Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
  • 319 University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 320 University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
  • 321 University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
  • 322 Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
  • 323 University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  • 324 Parkview Health, Fort Wayne, Indiana
  • 325 University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 326 Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
  • 327 The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  • 328 Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
  • 329 Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 330 Salale University, Gerba Guracha, Ethiopia
  • 331 China Medical University, Taiwan, Taichung, Taiwan
  • 332 Fenerbahce University, Istanbul, Turkiye
  • 333 University of Zakho, Zakho, Iraq
  • 334 Episcope Research Service, Aberdeen, Scotland
  • 335 Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
  • 336 University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
  • 337 University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
  • 338 Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
  • 339 University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
  • 340 ICMR National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
  • 341 University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
  • 342 Universitas Muhammadiyah Aceh (Muhammadiyah University of Aceh), Banda Aceh, Indonesia
  • 343 Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  • 344 King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
  • 345 Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Bedong, Malaysia
  • 346 University of Catania, Catania, Italy
  • 347 University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
  • 348 Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
  • 349 Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
  • 350 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
  • 351 Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
  • 352 The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO-TWAS, Trieste, Italy
  • 353 University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
  • 354 Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran
  • 355 Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 356 Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  • 357 Universityhospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
  • 358 Royan Institute, Tehran, Iran
  • 359 University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
  • 360 Cephas Health Research Initiative, Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 361 Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
  • 362 Shanghai City Huangpu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Shanghai City Huangpu District Health Supervision Bureau), Shanghai, China
  • 363 University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
  • 364 Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
  • 365 The University of New South Wales, Canberra, New South Wales, Australia
  • 366 Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
  • 367 Conway Medical Center, Conway, South Carolina
  • 368 All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India
  • 369 National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria
  • 370 Kangwon National University College of Medicine in South Korea, Chuncheon, South Korea
  • 371 University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
  • 372 Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
  • 373 Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
  • 374 Khoy Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
  • 375 South Wales University, Treforest, United Kingdom
  • 376 I Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
  • 377 Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 378 All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
  • 379 New York University, New York, New York
  • 380 Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
  • 381 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
  • 382 Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
  • 383 International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
  • 384 Amity University Haryana, Gurugram, India
  • 385 Yale New Haven Health-Bridgeport Hospital, Bridgeport, Connecticut
  • 386 National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment, Bobigny, France
  • 387 Amity University, Noida, India
  • 388 University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
  • 389 Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  • 390 Lahore Medical Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 391 National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh
  • 392 Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
  • 393 Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan
  • 394 International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
  • 395 All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, India
  • 396 Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, United Kingdom
  • 397 Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 398 Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
  • 399 Health and Healing Research, Education, and Service, Inc, Boston, Massachusetts
  • 400 Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
  • 401 Baddi University of Emerging Sciences & Technology, Himachal Pradesh, India
  • 402 Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
  • 403 IQVIA, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
  • 404 Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India
  • 405 Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
  • 406 Republic Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
  • 407 Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  • 408 Queensland Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
  • 409 Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, India
  • 410 Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
  • 411 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Hajipur, India
  • 412 Ahalia Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  • 413 Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
  • 414 University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
  • 415 Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana (Satya Wacana Christian University), Salatiga, Indonesia
  • 416 University of Texas, Galveston, Texas
  • 417 Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  • 418 Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
  • 419 Foundation for People-Centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India
  • 420 Universiti Brunei Darussalam (University of Brunei Darussalam), Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
  • 421 Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
  • 422 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
  • 423 Wachemo University, Hosanna, Ethiopia
  • 424 Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
  • 425 Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
  • 426 Cho Ray Hospital, Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  • 427 University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  • 428 Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
  • 429 Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
  • 430 Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea
  • 431 University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
  • 432 Westpfalz Klinikum, Kaiserslautern, Germany
  • 433 Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
  • 434 University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
  • 435 National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
  • 436 Peking University, Beijing, China
  • 437 Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
  • 438 The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
  • 439 National Medical Research Association, Leicester, United Kingdom
  • 440 Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China
  • 441 Central South University, Changsha, China
  • 442 Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
  • 443 German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany
  • 444 University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
  • 445 Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón, Ecuador
  • 446 Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
  • 447 Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
  • 448 Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
  • 449 Novo Nordisk, Plainsboro, New Jersey
  • 450 University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
  • 451 Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
  • 452 University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
  • 453 Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
  • 454 Cihan University-Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
  • 455 Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
  • 456 Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
  • 457 Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
  • 458 Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
  • 459 University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
  • 460 Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 461 University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
  • 462 Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC
  • 463 Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
  • 464 University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
  • 465 Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
  • 466 University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
  • 467 Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad, India
  • 468 Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand
  • 469 University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
  • 470 Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad, Dharwad, India
  • 471 Universidad Científica del Sur (University of the South), Lima, Peru
  • 472 Trinity Medical Sciences University, St Vincent, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
  • 473 Virginia Tech, Roanoke, Virginia
  • 474 University of Udine, Udine, Italy
  • 475 University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
  • 476 University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
  • 477 National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor District, Indonesia
  • 478 Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
  • 479 Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
  • 480 University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  • 481 Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, India
  • 482 All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli, India
  • 483 Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand, India
  • 484 Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan
  • 485 Valley Health System, Las Vegas, Nevada
  • 486 Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq
  • 487 Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
  • 488 Government Medical College Kozhikode, Kozhikode, India
  • 489 Department of Sport Physiology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
  • 490 Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
  • 491 University of Groningen (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen), Groningen, Netherlands
  • 492 University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
  • 493 The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
  • 494 Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
  • 495 Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, India
  • 496 University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
  • 497 Initiative for Financing Health and Human Development, Chennai, India
  • 498 Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
  • 499 University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
  • 500 Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
  • 501 University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
  • 502 University of Vermont, South Burlington, Vermont
  • 503 University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
  • 504 Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
  • 505 Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
  • 506 Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, Indiana
  • 507 Danang Family Hospital, Da Nang, Vietnam
  • 508 International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
  • 509 University for International Studies in Rome, Rome, Italy
  • 510 Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
  • 511 The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
  • 512 Fujian Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen, China
  • 513 University of California San Francisco
  • 514 Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
  • 515 University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
  • 516 Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
  • 517 London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
  • 518 University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Rome, Italy
  • 519 Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
  • 520 University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea
  • 521 University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
  • 522 University of Turku, Turku, Finland
  • 523 Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
  • 524 University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
  • 525 Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
  • 526 University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
  • 527 Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
  • 528 University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
  • 529 IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
  • 530 Universidad de las Americas (University of the Americas), Quito, Ecuador
  • 531 Njala University, Freetown, Sierra Leone
  • 532 University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
  • 533 Western Sydney University, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia
  • 534 Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
  • 535 Operational Research Center in Healthcare, Nicosia, Turkiye
  • 536 Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysore, India
  • 537 Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
  • 538 Siksha 'O' Anndhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
  • 539 Chandigarh University, Punjab, India
  • 540 University of Padua, Padua, Italy
  • 541 Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
  • 542 All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jammu, India
  • 543 University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
  • 544 Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
  • 545 University of Torino, Torino, Italy
  • 546 Marwadi University, Rajkot, India
  • 547 University of Tennessee, Nashville, Tennessee
  • 548 Regional Institute of Education (RIE), Ajmer, India
  • 549 All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
  • 550 Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, Utah
  • 551 Mallareddy Medical College for Womens',Mallareddy Vishwavidya Peeth, Hyderabad, India
  • 552 Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
  • 553 Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  • 554 Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
  • 555 Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Bergamo, Italy
  • 556 Universidad Diego Portales (Diego Portales University), Santiago, Chile
  • 557 University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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  • 559 Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Tomsk, Russia
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  • 561 The INCLEN Trust International, New Delhi, India
  • 562 Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
  • 563 Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
  • 564 JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
  • 565 Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
  • 566 Universiti Sains Malaysia in Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
  • 567 Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai, India
  • 568 All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
  • 569 National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, India
  • 570 Kocaeli University, Izmit, Turkiye
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  • 574 Federation University Australia, Berwick, Victoria, Australia
  • 575 Centre for Chronic Disease Control, New Delhi, India
  • 576 Govt Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, India
  • 577 Stanford University, Stanford, California
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  • 579 University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
  • 580 Amity University in Noida, Noida, India
  • 581 Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
  • 582 Siksha 'O' Anndhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
  • 583 Northwest Health, Porter, Valparaiso, Indiana
  • 584 King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt
  • 585 Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
  • 586 Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
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  • 590 New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico
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  • 594 King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 595 Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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  • 606 LMU-Munich, Munich, Germany
  • 607 University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
  • 608 Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
  • 609 National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  • 610 Dr D Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
  • 611 National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
  • 612 Università degli studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli (University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli), Naples, Italy
  • 613 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
  • 614 ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
  • 615 Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut, India
  • 616 Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
  • 617 Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
  • 618 National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
  • 619 National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "Saverio de Bellis," Castellana Grotte, Italy
  • 620 Northwell Health, New York, New York
  • 621 Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
  • 622 University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
  • 623 University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems, Austria
  • 624 Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram, India
  • 625 Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India
  • 626 BJ Medical College, Ahmedabad, India
  • 627 University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada
  • 628 Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Moodubidire, India
  • 629 Nitte University, Mangalore, India
  • 630 University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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  • 632 Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
  • 633 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
  • 634 Kathmandu Cancer Center, Bhaktapur, Nepal
  • 635 Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Dallas, Texas
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  • 638 Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
  • 639 University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, United Kingdom
  • 640 Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
  • 641 IFTM University, Moradabad, India
  • 642 Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
  • 643 All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
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  • 645 Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
  • 646 King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
  • 647 ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Ranchi, India
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  • 650 Independent Consultant, New Delhi, India
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  • 675 The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
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  • 678 Universitas Sam Ratulangi (Sam Ratulangi University), Manado, Indonesia
  • 679 Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
  • 680 National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Paris, France
  • 681 ALS Vietnam, Quang Ngai, Vietnam
  • 682 Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
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  • 684 King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  • 685 Federal Ministry of Health, Azare, Nigeria
  • 686 Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
  • 687 University of Trakya, Edirne, Turkiye
  • 688 UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
  • 689 Ministry of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
  • 690 National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
  • 691 Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
  • 692 Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
  • 693 Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
  • 694 University of Science and Technology of China, Heifei, China
  • 695 University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
  • 696 Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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  • 700 University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
  • 701 Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
  • 702 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
  • 703 Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China
  • 704 The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
  • 705 National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, India
  • 706 Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
  • 707 Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
  • 708 St Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  • 709 Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
  • 710 University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
  • 711 Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
  • 712 Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
  • 713 University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
  • 714 Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
  • 715 Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo, Tarija, Bolivia
  • 716 Northern Border University, Rafha, Saudi Arabia
  • 717 Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China
  • 718 University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
  • 719 ACS Medical College and Hospital, ShangHai, China
  • 720 Columbia University, New York, New York
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  • 722 China Medical University, Shenyang, China
  • 723 Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
  • 724 Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
  • 725 Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
  • 726 Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China
  • 727 Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
  • 728 Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
  • 729 Palestine Technical University (Kadoorie), Tulkarem, Palestine
JAMA, 2026 Aug 25;336(8):673-698.
PMID: 42525403 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2026.8628

Abstract

IMPORTANCE: Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of premature death worldwide. Assessing the LDL-C-related burden is critical for guiding prevention and treatment strategies.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the global, regional, and national burden of ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke attributable to elevated LDL-C (relative to 35-54 mg/dL) from 1990 to 2023 and to quantify the contributions of population growth, aging, risk-deleted burden, and exposure changes to burden trends.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND POPULATION: This comparative risk assessment, part of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023, estimated population-level LDL-C exposure and associated health loss in 204 countries and territories. Mean LDL-C levels were estimated using spatiotemporal gaussian process regression based on 806 studies across 161 countries. Relative risks were derived from meta-analyses of 38 randomized clinical trials. Population-attributable fractions for deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were estimated by age and sex for adults aged 25 years or older from 1990 to 2023, with 95% uncertainty intervals.

EXPOSURE: Population-level LDL-C concentrations.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Population-attributable fractions, counts, and rates (all ages and age standardized per 100 000) of LDL-C-attributable deaths and DALYs from ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke, with uncertainty intervals.

RESULTS: In 2023, elevated LDL-C accounted for 3.6 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval, 2.2-5.4 million; 6.0% of global mortality) and 90.7 million DALYs (95% uncertainty interval, 58.9-123.3 million; 3.2% of DALYs). Although global all-ages rates remained stable, age-standardized death and DALY rates decreased by 45.6% and 39.5%, respectively, since 1990. In 2023, age-standardized LDL-C-attributable DALY rates were highest in Eastern Europe and lowest in high-income Asia-Pacific. One-third of the global LDL-C burden occurred in India and China. Population growth and aging drove the increasing burden, with notable regional disparities in LDL-C exposure and risk-deleted DALY rates shifting toward middle-sociodemographic settings.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Despite declining age-standardized rates, the absolute LDL-C burden has increased since 1990 due to demographic changes and has shifted toward middle-sociodemographic countries. Measurement and surveillance gaps persist. Strengthened prevention, diagnosis, and treatment access strategies are essential to mitigate the health burden of LDL-C.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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