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Miniaturized Polymeric Systems for the Intravaginal Gene Therapies: Recent Update on Unconventional Delivery

Pandey M, Ting JSS, Gorain B, Jain N, Mayuren J

Curr Pharm Des, 2023;29(40):3254-3262.
PMID: 37438899 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666230712162540

The prevalence of vaginal infection is increasing among women, especially at reproductive age. For proper eradication of infection, the effective concentration of a drug is required at the infection site. Therefore, local delivery is recommended to exert a direct therapeutic effect at the site action that causes a reduction in dose and side effects. The main focus of vaginal drug delivery is to enhance retention time and patient compliance. The high recurrence rate of vaginal infection due to the lack of effective treatment strategies opens the door for new therapeutic approaches. To combat these setbacks, intravaginal gene therapies have been investigated. High attention has been gained by vaginal gene therapy, especially for sexually transmitted infection treatment. Despite much research, no product is available in the market, although in vitro and preclinical data support the vaginal route as an effective route for gene administration. The main focus of this review is to discuss the recent advancement in miniaturized polymeric systems for intravaginal gene therapies to treat local infections. An overview of different barriers to vaginal delivery and challenges of vaginal infection treatment are also summarised.
Transform diabetes care with precision medicine

Kannan S, Chellappan DK, Kow CS, Ramachandram DS, Pandey M, Mayuren J, et al.

Health Sci Rep, 2023 Nov;6(11):e1642.
PMID: 37915365 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1642

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Diabetes is a global concern. This article took a closer look at diabetes and precision medicine.
METHODS: A literature search of studies related to the use of precision medicine in diabetes care was conducted in various databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus).
RESULTS: Precision medicine encompasses the integration of a wide array of personal data, including clinical, lifestyle, genetic, and various biomarker information. Its goal is to facilitate tailored treatment approaches using contemporary diagnostic and therapeutic techniques that specifically target patients based on their genetic makeup, molecular markers, phenotypic traits, or psychosocial characteristics. This article not only highlights significant advancements but also addresses key challenges, particularly focusing on the technologies that contribute to the realization of personalized and precise diabetes care.
CONCLUSION: For the successful implementation of precision diabetes medicine, collaboration and coordination among multiple stakeholders are crucial.
Mitochondria and diabetes: insights and potential therapies

Moorthy R, Bhattamisra SK, Pandey M, Mayuren J, Kow CS, Candasamy M

Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab, 2024 Mar;19(2):141-154.
PMID: 38347803 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2024.2307526

INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) presents significant global health and economic challenges, contributing to complications such as stroke, cardiovascular disease, kidney dysfunction, and cancer. The current review explores the crucial role of mitochondria, essential for fuel metabolism, in diabetes-related processes.
AREAS COVERED: Mitochondrial deficits impact insulin-resistant skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, liver, and pancreatic β-cells, affecting glucose and lipid balance. Exercise emerges as a key factor in enhancing mitochondrial function, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of mitochondrial uncoupling, which generates heat instead of ATP, is discussed. We explore the intricate link between mitochondrial function and diabetes, investigating genetic interventions to mitigate diabetes-related complications. We also cover the impact of insulin deficiency on mitochondrial function, the role of exercise in addressing mitochondrial defects in insulin resistance, and the potential of mitochondrial uncoupling. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of Mitochondrial Replacement Therapies (MRT) techniques is presented.
EXPERT OPINION: MRTs hold promise in preventing the transmission of mitochondrial disease. However, addressing ethical, regulatory, and technical considerations is crucial. Integrating mitochondrial-based treatments requires a careful balance between innovation and safety. Ethical dimensions and regulatory aspects of MRT are examined, emphasizing collaborative efforts for the responsible advancement of human health.
An insight into the role of Artificial Intelligence in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease

Verma RK, Pandey M, Chawla P, Choudhury H, Mayuren J, Bhattamisra SK, et al.

CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets, 2021 May 11.
PMID: 33982657 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210512014505

BACKGROUND: The complication of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has made the development of its therapeutic a challenging task. Even after decades of research, we have achieved no more than a few years of symptomatic relief. The inability to diagnose the disease early is the foremost hurdle behind its treatment. Several studies have aimed to identify potential biomarkers that can be detected in body fluids (CSF, blood, urine, etc) or assessed by neuroimaging (i.e., PET and MRI). However, the clinical implementation of these biomarkers is incomplete as they cannot be validated.
METHOD: To overcome the limitation, the use of artificial intelligence along with technical tools has been extensively investigated for AD diagnosis. For developing a promising artificial intelligence strategy that can diagnose AD early, it is critical to supervise neuropsychological outcomes and imaging-based readouts with a proper clinical review.
CONCLUSION: Profound knowledge, a large data pool, and detailed investigations are required for the successful implementation of this tool. This review will enlighten various aspects of early diagnosis of AD using artificial intelligence.
Intraductal delivery of nanocarriers for ductal carcinoma in situ treatment: a strategy to enhance localized delivery

Pandey M, Wen PX, Ning GM, Xing GJ, Wei LM, Kumar D, et al.

Nanomedicine (Lond), 2022 Oct;17(24):1871-1889.
PMID: 36695306 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0234

Ductal carcinoma in situ describes the most commonly occurring, noninvasive malignant breast disease, which could be the leading factor in invasive breast cancer. Despite remarkable advancements in treatment options, poor specificity, low bioavailability and dose-induced toxicity of chemotherapy are the main constraint. A unique characteristic of nanocarriers may overcome these problems. Moreover, the intraductal route of administration serves as an alternative approach. The direct nanodrug delivery into mammary ducts results in the accumulation of anticancer agents at targeted tissue for a prolonged period with high permeability, significantly decreasing the tumor size and improving the survival rate. This review focuses mainly on the intraductal delivery of nanocarriers in treating ductal carcinoma in situ, together with potential clinical translational research.