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A voice to be heard: patient and public involvement in health technology assessment and clinical practice guidelines in Malaysia

Kamaruzaman HF, Ku Abd Rahim KN, Mohamed Ghazali IM, Mohd Yusof MA

Int J Technol Assess Health Care, 2021 Mar 22;37:e47.
PMID: 33745482 DOI: 10.1017/S0266462321000118

Patient and public involvement (PPI) in health technology assessment (HTA) is widely promoted to ensure that all health-related decisions are made after taking into consideration the viewpoints of important stakeholders. In Malaysia, patients or their representatives have been involved in the development of HTA and Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) since 2009 and their influences have been growing steadily over the years. This paper aimed to describe the journey, achievements, challenges, and future direction of the PPI throughout all stages of the development and implementation of HTA and CPG in Malaysia. Currently, in Malaysia, patients or their representatives are mainly involved during the initial development of HTA and CPG drafts as well as during the internal and external reviews. Additionally, they are also encouraged to be involved during the implementation of HTA and CPG recommendations. Although their involvement in this aspect has slowly increased over time, challenges remain in the form of limited representativeness of selected patients or carers, uncertainty on the level of patient involvement allowed during the HTA/CPG development processes, and limited health literacy, which affect their ability to contribute meaningfully throughout the processes. Continuous improvement in these processes is important as patients or their representatives play a pivotal role in ensuring transparency, accountability, and credibility throughout the HTA/CPG development and decision-making processes.
Preparing future doctors for evidence-based practice: a study on health technology assessment awareness and its predictors in Malaysia

Mohamad NF, Mansor Z, Mahmud A, Mohamed Ghazali IM, Sarimin R

Int J Technol Assess Health Care, 2024 Feb 28;40(1):e18.
PMID: 38415300 DOI: 10.1017/S0266462324000102

OBJECTIVES: To determine the level of awareness of health technology assessment (HTA) and its predictors among clinical year medical students in public universities in Klang Valley, Malaysia.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study using the stratified random sampling method was conducted among clinical year medical students in four public universities in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Data on the level of awareness of HTA and its associated factors were collected using a self-administered online questionnaire. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 27 to determine the level of awareness of HTA and its predictors.
RESULTS: Majority (69 percent) of participants had a low level of awareness of HTA. The predictors of high-level awareness of HTA were attitude toward HTA (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 7.417, 95 percent confidence interval (CI): 3.491, 15.758), peer interaction on HTA (AOR = 0.320, 95 percent CI: 0.115, 0.888), and previous training on HTA (AOR = 4.849, 95 percent CI: 1.096, 21.444).
CONCLUSIONS: Most future doctors in public universities exhibit a low awareness of HTA. This study highlights the interplay between attitudes toward HTA, peer interaction, and previous training as influential predictors of HTA awareness. An integrated and comprehensive educational approach is recommended to cultivate a positive attitude and harness the positive aspects of peer interaction while mitigating the potential negative impact of misconceptions. Emphasizing early exposure to HTA concepts through structured programs is crucial for empowering the upcoming generation of healthcare professionals, enabling them to navigate HTA complexities and contribute to evidence-based healthcare practices in Malaysia and beyond.
Development of an MCDA Framework for Rare Disease Reimbursement Prioritization in Malaysia

Ku Abd Rahim KN, Muhammad Lattepi N, Sarimin R, Foo SS, Akmal S, Lee SW, et al.

Int J Technol Assess Health Care, 2024 Sep 04.
PMID: 39228212 DOI: 10.1017/S026646232400031X
Fulltext Evaluation of awareness & utilisation of clinical practise guideline for management of adult dengue infection among Malaysia doctors

Ariff MI, Yahya A, Zaki R, Sarimin R, Mohamed Ghazali IM, Gill BS, et al.

PLoS One, 2017;12(5):e0178137.
PMID: 28562626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178137

Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) provides evidence-based guidance for the management of Dengue Infection in adult patients. A cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate awareness and utilization of CPG among doctors in public or private hospitals and clinics in Malaysia. Doctors practicing only at hospital Medical and Emergency Departments were included, while private specialist clinics were excluded in this study. A multistage proportionate random sampling according to region (Central, Northern, Southern, Eastern, Sabah and Sarawak) was performed to select study participants. The overall response rate was 74% (84% for public hospitals, 82% for private hospitals, 70% for public clinics, and 64% for private clinics). The CPG Awareness and Utilization Feedback Form were used to determine the percentage in the study. The total numbers of respondent were 634 with response rate of 74%. The mean lengths of service of the respondent were 13.98 (11.55).A higher percentages of doctors from public facilities (99%) were aware of the CPG compared to those in private facilities (84%). The percentage of doctors utilising the CPG were also higher (98%) in public facilities compared to private facilities (86%). The percentage of Medical Officer in private facilities that utilizing the CPG were 84% compares to Medical Officer in public facilities 98%. The high percentage of doctors using the CPG in both public (97%) and private (94%) hospitals were also observed. However, only 69% of doctors in private clinics utilised the CPG compared to doctors in public clinics (98%). Doctors in both public and private facilities were aware of the dengue CPG. However, most doctors in private clinic were less likely to utilise the CPG. Therefore, there is a need to increase the level of CPG utilisation especially in private clinics.
Study site: primary care and hospital from Medical and Emergency Department, public and private health facilities in Malaysia
Fulltext Adherence to Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) management of dengue infection in adults (revised 2nd edition)

Abd Rahman M, Ahmad Zaki R, Sarimin R, Ariff MI, Suli Z, Mahmud M, et al.

PLoS One, 2017;12(11):e0184559.
PMID: 29095822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184559

The Malaysian Dengue Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) have been developed to provide evidence-based guidance in the management of dengue infections. The use of these guidelines is essential to ensure its recommendations are being practiced. However, the adherence to the guidelines for management of dengue (revised 2nd edition) by healthcare providers still remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the proportion among healthcare providers that adhere to this Dengue CPG. A retrospective cohort study of dengue cases registered from 1 January 2014 to 1 June 2015 was conducted in public hospitals and health clinics in Selangor, Putrajaya and Kuala Lumpur. Adherence to the CPG recommendations were recorded by reviewing patients' case notes. Overall proportion of adherence in clinical components of the recommendation were (7.1 to 100.0% versus 7.7 to 73.8%) in history taking, (6.7 to 100.0% versus 12.3 to 60.0%) in physical examinations, (18.4 to 100.0% versus 23.1 to 83.2%) in assessment of warning signs, (0.6 to 100.0% versus 12.3 to 87.7%) in assessment of haemodynamic status, (60.0 to 100.0% versus 27.7 to 40.0%) in diagnosis, (46.6 to 80.0% versus 52.3%) in case notifications, (73.2 to 100.0% versus 89.2 to 96.9%) in performing specific laboratory investigations and (7.9 to 100.0% versus 21.5%) in monitoring, for outpatient versus inpatient, respectively. Adherence trends were demonstrated to be higher in hospital settings compared to outpatient settings. Adherence to this Dengue CPG varies widely with overall good clinical outcomes observed.

Study site: public hospitals and health clinics in Selangor, Putrajaya and Kuala Lumpur