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  1. Optimised neem oil-bilayer tablets: A safe, effective and stable tool for the prevention of vector-borne disease outbreaks by Aedes albopictus
    Swathy KK, Sarath Chandran C, Mukundan M, Sreejith KR, Sourav K, Jafna MC, et al.
    Exp Parasitol, 2023 Aug;251:108550.
    PMID: 37230323 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108550
    The control of mosquito breeding is an essential step towards the reduction of vector-borne disease outbreaks. Synthetic larvicidal agents produce resistance in vectors and cause safety concerns in humans, animals and aquatic species. The drawback of synthetic larvicides opened a new avenue for natural larvicidal agents, but poor dosage accuracy, need for frequent applications, low stability and sustainability are the major challenges with them. Hence, this investigation aimed to overcome those drawbacks by developing bilayer tablets loaded with neem oil to prevent mosquito breeding in stagnant water. The optimised batch of neem oil-bilayer tablets (ONBT) had 65%w/w hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K100M and 80%w/w ethylcellulose in its composition. After the completion of 4th week, 91.98 ± 0.871% azadirachtin was released from the ONBT, which was followed by a subsequent drop in the in vitro release. ONBT reported long-term larvicidal efficacy (>75%) and a good deterrent effect which was better than neem oil-based marketed products. The acute toxicity study on a non-target fish model (Poecilia reticulata), OECD Test No.203 confirmed the safety of the ONBT on non-target aquatic species. The accelerated stability studies predicted a good stability profile for the ONBT. The neem oil-based bilayer tablets can be used as an effective tool for the control of vector-borne diseases in society. The product may be a safe, effective and eco-friendly replacement for the existing synthetic as well as natural products in the market.
  2. Alkalizer-based gastroretentive floating tablets of amoxicillin for localized gastric delivery
    K R, C SC, K R, Nath C G, K Shaji A, K H, et al.
    Ther Deliv, 2026 Sep;17(9):999-1015.
    PMID: 42893355 DOI: 10.1080/20415990.2026.2742653
    INTRODUCTION: Helicobacter pylori infection is a leading cause of peptic ulcer disease, yet amoxicillin trihydrate (AMX) efficacy is limited by its acid-catalyzed degradation and rapid gastric emptying. This study aimed to develop alkalizer-based gastroretentive floating tablets to enhance localized gastric-delivery and improve AMX stability under gastric conditions.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Floating tablets were prepared by direct compression using HPMC K100M, sodium-bicarbonate and microcrystalline-cellulose. A 23 factorial-design (RStudio-v4.3.3) was used to optimize microenvironmental pH, floating lag time (FLT) and drug release. Optimized tablets were characterized for micromeritic properties, XRD, SEM, in vitro buoyancy, swelling, drug release, in vitro anti-H. pylori activity and in vivo gastric retention in Sprague-Dawley rats.

    RESULTS: The optimized formulation achieved a microenvironmental pH of 7.20 ± 0.26, FLT of 15.84 ± 0.50 s, and total floating time of approximately 12 h. Cumulative AMX release reached 98.49 ± 1.69% over 12 h with non-Fickian kinetics, and XRD/SEM analysis indicated reduced crystallinity and increased amorphous character of AMX within the hydrated matrix. The formulation showed significant in vitro anti-H. pylori activity and prolonged in vivo gastric retention.

    CONCLUSION: Alkalizer-based gastroretentive floating AMX tablets combined microenvironmental pH modulation with sustained gastric-retention, supporting their potential as a localized strategy for improved H. pylori eradication.

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