Cellulase production was carried out by solid state bioconversion (SSB) method using rice straw, a lignocellulosic material and agricultural waste, as the substrate of three Trichoderma spp. and Phanerochaete chrysosporium in lab-scale experiments. The results were compared to select the best fungi among them for the production of cellulase. Phanerochaete chrysosporium was found to be the best among these species of fungi, which produced the highest cellulase enzyme of 1.43 IU/mL of filter paper activity (FPase) and 2.40 IU/mL of carboxymethylcellulose activity (CMCase). The "glucosamine" and "reducing sugar" parameters were observed to evaluate the growth and substrate utilization in the experiments. In the case of Phanerochaete Chrysosporium, the highest glucosamine concentration was 1.60 g/L and a high concentration of the release of reducing sugar was measured as 2.58 g/L obtained on the 4th day of fermentation. The pH values were also recorded. The range of the pH was about 5.15 to 5.56 in the case of Phanerochaete Chrysosporium.
Energy storage research has been pushed hard in recent years, largely because the demand for efficient and sustainable solutions keeps growing. Supercapacitors, in particular, came into the spotlight in recent years. They deliver high power and hold up well over long cycle life, but they store less energy per unit mass and this is the genuine obstacle to their widespread commercial application. To address this, we report a facile and scalable physical blending approach to prepare a Ti3C2T x MXene-polyaniline composite with significantly enhanced energy storage performance. The stacked lamellar structured Ti3C2T x MXene, extracted from a Ti3AlC2 MAX phase precursor, provides a highly conductive framework, while PANI offers abundant redox-active sites. This used approach allows effective interfacial contact between Ti3C2T x sheets and PANI while preserving the layer structure of the MXene. Characterization tools such as XRD, SEM, and EDS confirmed the successful extraction of stacked lamellar Ti3C2T x MXene with minimal Al content, and the preparation of the Ti3C2T x /PANI composite without showing impurities. The electrochemical analysis of the synthesized Ti3C2T x /PANI nanocomposite shows improved gravimetric capacitance (C SP) of 839.2 Fg-1 at 1 Ag-1, which is substantially greater than that of the pure MXene (413.5 Fg-1) and PANI (615.8 Fg-1). The prepared electrode achieved an energy density (E d) of 41.9 Wh kg-1 at a power density (P d) of 300 W kg-1. Furthermore, the two-electrode measurements of Ti3C2T x /PANI//AC displayed enhanced C SP of 158.4 Fg-1 with an improved E d of 140.8 Wh kg-1. The Ti3C2T x /PANI//AC displayed stability of 102.6% at the end of 1000 cycles. These findings demonstrate that the Ti3C2T x /PANI can be adopted as an optimal choice for supercapacitors.