The catastrophic pandemic engendered due to the Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak which causes severe clinical afflictions on the respiratory system has severely high morbidity and mortality rates. The requirement of novel compounds is at utmost importance due to lack of targeted drug molecule to treat the afflictions and restrict the viral infection and for the usage of prophylactic treatment to avoid the spread of the infection is of utmost importance. Vitamin D is one such naturally available multifunctional molecule, which plays an eminent role in the immune system and instigation of numerous cellular pathways further promoting health benefits and enhancing the human quality of life. This article reviews the current standpoint scenario and future prevalence of vitamin D supplementation in the management of covid-19 patients. Novel findings of Vitamin D suggest that along with regulation of cell growth, neuroprotective and mood-stabilizing effects, it regulates the immune response also modulate cytokine Interleukin-6 (IL-6) by inducing progesterone-induced blocking factor (PIBF), given the IL-6 levels are considerably high in COVID-19 patients which increases the further complications. Vitamin D also have its effect on angiotensin converting enzyme (ACEII) inhibitor through which the COVID-19 virus makes cell entry. Numerous research data elucidate the play of Vitamin D, in complications of COVID-19 including the most common comorbid conditions, neurological manifestations and immunological aspects makes it an ideal molecule for adjuvant therapy. Including Vitamin D as add-on therapy in the management of COVID-19 might aid the arrest of infection and helps fight this arduous epidemic.
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is significant challenge humanity faces today, with many patients losing their lives every year due to AMR. It is more widespread and has shown a higher prevalence in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to lack of awareness and other associated reasons. WHO has suggested some crucial guidelines and specific strategies such as antimicrobial stewardship programs taken at the institutional level to combat AMR. Creating awareness at the grassroots level can help to reduce the AMR and promote safe and effective use of antimicrobials. Control strategies in curbing AMR also comprise hygiene and sanitation as microbes travel from contaminated surroundings to the human body surface. As resistance to multiple drugs increases, vaccines can play a significant role in curbing the menace of AMR. This article summarizes the current surveillance practices and applied control measures to tackle the hostility in these countries with particular reference to the role of antimicrobial stewardship programs and the responsibilities of regulatory authorities in managing the situation.