Affiliations 

  • 1 Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar, India
  • 2 Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
  • 3 Lebanese University, School of Pharmacy, Beirut, Lebanon; INSPECT-LB: Institute National de Sante Publique, Epidemiologie Clinique et Toxicologie, Beirut, Lebanon; Universite Paul Sabatier UT3, INSERM, UMR1295, Toulouse, France
  • 4 The Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
  • 5 Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar, India; Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
  • 6 Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar, India. Electronic address: sameerdhingra78@gmail.com
J Infect Public Health, 2022 Feb;15(2):172-181.
PMID: 34972026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.12.008

Abstract

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is significant challenge humanity faces today, with many patients losing their lives every year due to AMR. It is more widespread and has shown a higher prevalence in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to lack of awareness and other associated reasons. WHO has suggested some crucial guidelines and specific strategies such as antimicrobial stewardship programs taken at the institutional level to combat AMR. Creating awareness at the grassroots level can help to reduce the AMR and promote safe and effective use of antimicrobials. Control strategies in curbing AMR also comprise hygiene and sanitation as microbes travel from contaminated surroundings to the human body surface. As resistance to multiple drugs increases, vaccines can play a significant role in curbing the menace of AMR. This article summarizes the current surveillance practices and applied control measures to tackle the hostility in these countries with particular reference to the role of antimicrobial stewardship programs and the responsibilities of regulatory authorities in managing the situation.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.