METHODOLOGY: Literatures on RIF resistant mutations published between 2010 and 2016 were thoroughly reviewed.
RESULTS: The most commonly mutated codons in RRDR of rpoB gene are 531, 526 and 516. The possibilities of absence of mutation in RRDR of rpoB gene in MDR-TB isolates in few studies was due to existence of other rare rpoB mutations outside RRDR or different mechanism of rifampicin resistance.
CONCLUSION: Molecular methods which can identify extensive mutations associated with multiple anti-tuberculous drugs are in urgent need so that the research on drug resistant mutations should be extended.
Methods: This cross-sectional online study was conducted with 220 mothers under 6 months postpartum in April-May 2020 and who registered in public health centres in Kungyangone Township, Yangon, Myanmar. The postpartum depression was measured with the Edinburgh postpartum depression scale (EPDS, ≥ 13 scores). Independent variables included sociodemographic factors, obstetric and infant factors, psychosocial factors (social support and social media usage), health services utilisation and accessibility factors. Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression were performed.
Results: Overall prevalence of depressive symptoms in 220 women under 6 months postpartum was 31.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 25.9, 37.3). In multiple logistic regression, unplanned pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.946), less than four times antenatal care (ANC) visits (AOR: 2.518), travel time more than 1 h to reach health centres (AOR: 3.068) and birth interval more than 5 years (AOR: 4.594) were more likely to be associated with PPD, while preterm delivery (AOR: 0.091) was inversely associated.
Conclusion: This study showed the relatively high prevalence of PPD and the strong association with preterm delivery, pregnancy intention, breastfeeding status, birth interval as well as frequency of ANC received and travel time to health centre. It may suggest that maternal mental health services should be integrated with existing maternal and child health (MCH) services for early detection and prevention of depression symptoms with promotion of MCH services utilisation and improved accessibility among mothers in primary healthcare setting.