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  1. Noor Kamalia Abd Hamed, Noor Sakinah Khalid, Fatin Izyani Mohd Fazli, Muhammad Luqman Mohd Napi, Nafarizal Nayan, Mohd Khairul Ahmad
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1669-1673.
    Titanium dioxide (TiO2
    ) with various morphologies has been successfully synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method
    at 150o
    C for 10 h using titanium butoxide (TBOT) as a precursor, deionized (DI) water and hydrochloric acid (HCl) on
    a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate. The influences of HCl volume on structural and morphological properties
    of TiO2
    have been studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM),
    respectively. The result showed that several morphologies such as microsphere, microrods, nanorods and nanoflowers
    were obtained by varying the volume of hydrochloric acid. The crystallinity of titanium dioxide enhanced with the
    increasing of hydrochloric acid volume.
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