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  1. Norizam Salamt, Amilia Aminuddin, Azizah Ugusman, Aini Farzana Zulkefli
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:2455-2461.
    Studies evaluating the association between pulse wave velocity (PWV), a gold standard measurement of aortic stiffness
    and established markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD), with other established vascular markers or inflammation
    among young adult is still scarce. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify relevant studies on the
    association between PWV with other vascular markers or inflammation. Relevant articles from Ovid Medline, Science
    Direct and Scopus databases were explored between 2009 and March 2018. Original articles published in English
    measuring any correlation between carotid-femoral PWV (PWVcf) with either augmentation index (AIx), carotid intima
    media thickness (CIMT) or C-reactive protein (CRP) on young adult with age range between 18 and 45 years old were
    included. The literature search identified 21 potential articles to be reviewed, which meet all the inclusion criteria.
    Four articles investigated the correlation between PWVcf with CRP, however only two studies gave significant but weak
    correlations. As for CIMT, a single relevant article was found and the correlation was not significant. In conclusion, lack
    of association between PWV and other vascular markers and inflammation may suggest that these vascular markers have
    their own property in assessing vascular status. Thus, these markers should be measured independently for comprehensive
    assessment of future CVD risk.
  2. Musilawati Muhajir, Amilia Aminuddin, Azizah Ugusman, Norizam Salamt, Zanariyah Asmawi, Aini Farzana Zulkefli, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:2481-2489.
    The use of photoplethysmography (PPG) as one of cardiovascular disease (CVD) marker has got more attention due to
    its simplicity, noninvasive and portable characteristics. Two new markers had been developed from PPG namely PPG
    fitness index (PPGF) and vascular risk prediction index (VPRI). The aim of the present study was to compare PPGF level
    between young women with and without CVD risk factors, to investigate the relationship between PPGF with other CVD
    markers and to assess the sensitivity of VRPI in classifying young women that have CVD risk factors. A total of 148 young
    women aged 20-40 years old with and without CVD risk factors were involved in this study. CVD risk factors comprised of
    abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking and family history of premature CVD. Subjects were categorized
    into healthy or having CVD risk factor. Measurements taken were anthropometric data, blood pressure, lipid profile,
    pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx), high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP), PPGF and VRPI. SPSS
    version 20 was used for data analysis with p<0.05 as significant value. The mean subjects’ age was 29.97±5.27 years
    old. There was no difference in PPGF level between groups (p>0.05). PPGF was independently determined by PWV (β=-
    0.31, p<0.001) and height (β=0.16, p=0.04). VRPI had 77.9% sensitivity in identifying subjects with CVD risk factor. In
    conclusion, PPGF correlates with PWV and has potential to be an indicator of aortic stiffness while VRPI is sensitive to
    classify those with CVD risk factor.
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