Introduction Pollution of air in urban cities across the world has been steadily increasing in recent years. An increasing trend in particulate matter, PM 2.5, is a threat because it can lead to uncontrollable consequences like worsening of asthma and cardiovascular disease. The metric used to measure air quality is the air pollutant index (API). In Malaysia, machine learning (ML) techniques for PM 2.5 have received less attention as the concentration is on predicting other air pollutants. To fill the research gap, this study focuses on correctly predicting PM 2.5 concentrations in the smart cities of Malaysia by comparing supervised ML techniques, which helps to mitigate its adverse effects. Methods In this paper, ML models for forecasting PM 2.5 concentrations were investigated on Malaysian air quality data sets from 2017 to 2018. The dataset was preprocessed by data cleaning and a normalization process. Next, it was reduced into an informative dataset with location and time factors in the feature extraction process. The dataset was fed into three supervised ML classifiers, which include random forest (RF), artificial neural network (ANN) and long short-term memory (LSTM). Finally, their output was evaluated using the confusion matrix and compared to identify the best model for the accurate prediction of PM 2.5. Results Overall, the experimental result shows an accuracy of 97.7% was obtained by the RF model in comparison with the accuracy of ANN (61.14%) and LSTM (61.77%) in predicting PM 2.5. Discussion RF performed well when compared with ANN and LSTM for the given data with minimum features. RF was able to reach good accuracy as the model learns from the random samples by using decision tree with the maximum vote on the predictions.
In recent days, Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques are broadly used in medical data processing in decision-making. A lung tumour, one of the most dangerous medical diseases, requires early diagnosis with a higher precision rate. With that concern, this work aims to develop an Integrated Model (IM- LTS) for Lung Tumor Segmentation using Neural Networks (NN) and the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). The model integrates two architectures, MobileNetV2 and U-NET, for classifying the input lung data. The input CT lung images are pre-processed using Z-score Normalization. The semantic features of lung images are extracted based on texture, intensity, and shape to provide information to the training network.•In this work, the transfer learning technique is incorporated, and the pre-trained NN was used as an encoder for the U-NET model for segmentation. Furthermore, Support Vector Machine is used here to classify input lung data as benign and malignant.•The results are measured based on the metrics such as, specificity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy and F-Score, using the data from benchmark datasets. Compared to the existing lung tumor segmentation and classification models, the proposed model provides better results and evidence for earlier disease diagnosis.
In this work, the CT scans images of lung cancer patients are analysed to diagnose the disease at its early stage. The images are pre-processed using a series of steps such as the Gabor filter, contours to label the region of interest (ROI), increasing the sharpening and cropping of the image. Data augmentation is employed on the pre-processed images using two proposed architectures, namely (1) Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and (2) Enhanced Integrated model for Lung Tumor Identification (EIM-LTI).•In this study, comparisons are made on non-pre-processed data, Haar and Gabor filters in CNN and the EIM-LTI models. The performance of the CNN and EIM-LTI models is evaluated through metrics such as precision, sensitivity, F1-score, specificity, training and validation accuracy.•The EIM-LTI model's training accuracy is 2.67 % higher than CNN, while its validation accuracy is 2.7 % higher. Additionally, the EIM-LTI model's validation loss is 0.0333 higher than CNN's.•In this study, a comparative analysis of model accuracies for lung cancer detection is performed. Cross-validation with 5 folds achieves an accuracy of 98.27 %, and the model was evaluated on unseen data and resulted in 92 % accuracy.