Globally, periodontal diseases, mainly driven by polymicrobial biofilms, are a widespread concern of social medicine due to their considerable incidence and tie-up to systemic disorders like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and complications during pregnancy. Traditional treatments focus on mechanical debridement and antimicrobial therapies, but these approaches have limitations, including recurrence and antibiotic resistance. Periodontal vaccines offer a promising alternative by targeting the immunological mechanisms underlying periodontal disease. This review explores the current state of periodontal vaccine development, highlighting key antigens, vaccine delivery systems, and preclinical and clinical advancements. Special emphasis is placed on antigen selection, host variability, immune tolerance, and future directions to overcome these barriers. This article highlights the advancements and challenges in periodontal vaccine research, offering insights into the capability of immunoprophylaxis as a groundbreaking way to manage periodontal diseases.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is changing each of the healthcare fields, including periodontology, through the improvement of every diagnosis, treatment plan, and the handling of all patients. AI-driven technologies such as machine learning, deep learning, and computer vision are incorporated into radiographic analysis, automated disease detection, and prognosis prediction. These improvements effectively enable the early detection of periodontal diseases and efficient classification of disease severity. In addition, they allow for specially personalized treatment approaches. AI makes automated periodontal charting, virtual patient monitoring, and decision support systems easier, which improve clinical outcomes and patient care. Despite its immense potential, many substantial difficulties remain, such as data privacy, algorithm reliability, and the meaningful need for clinical validation. This review indicates the revolutionary function of AI in many current dental works and explores all present uses, advantages, limits, and possibilities in periodontology.