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Fulltext Parametric Study and Experimental Investigations of a Single Crank-Slotted Dual Lever Mechanism for MAV Flapping Actuation

Singh S, Muralidharan AK, Radhakrishnan J, Zuber M, Basri AA, Mazlan N, et al.

Biomimetics (Basel), 2022 Nov 21;7(4).
PMID: 36412736 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7040208

Insect RoboFlyers are interesting and active focuses of study but producing high-quality flapping robots that replicate insect flight is challenging., due to the dual requirement of both a sophisticated transmission mechanism with light weight and minimal intervening connections. This innovative mechanism was created to address the need for a producible structure that is small in size, small in mass, and has reduced design linkages. The proposed Single Crank-Slotted Dual Lever (SC-SDL) mechanism transforms rotational motion into specific angular motion at different velocities for each of its two strokes, i.e., the forward stroke and the return stroke. The discovery of a lag between the left and right lever motions in our design mechanism-I leads us to the conclusion that the flapping is asymmetric. To eliminate the position lag, the design has been altered, and a new design mechanism-II has been developed. Comparative kinematic analysis of both design systems is performed using simulations. Two-dimensional analysis of the base ornithopter configuration using ANSYS FLUENT yielded deeper insights regarding the influence of varying flapping frequency on critical flow metrics regarding adequate lift and thrust. For a flapping frequency of 24 Hz, adequate lift generation was achieved with minimal flow disturbances and wake interactions. Averaged dual wing estimations were made as part of the CFD study, which showed similar agreements. To validate the estimations, experimental tests were performed over the design mechanism-II configuration.
Fulltext International Variability in the Epidemiology, Management, and Outcomes of Chronic and End-Stage Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review

Freedberg DE, Segall L, Liu B, Jacobson JS, Mohan S, George V, et al.

Kidney360, 2023 Dec 06.
PMID: 38055708 DOI: 10.34067/KID.0000000000000335

BACKGROUND: Approaches to treating end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) may vary internationally based on the availability of care and other factors. We performed a systematic review to understand the international variability in ESKD epidemiology, management, and outcomes.
METHODS: We systematically searched Pubmed for population-based studies of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and ESKD epidemiology and management. Population-level data from 23 pre-designated nations were eligible for inclusion if they pertained to people receiving dialysis or kidney transplant for ESKD. When available, government websites were utilized to identify and extract data from relevant kidney registries . Measures gathered included those related to the prevalence and mortality of ESKD; the availability of nephrologists; per capita healthcare expenditures; and use of erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESAs).
RESULTS: We obtained data from the United States (US), 7 nations in Eastern Europe, 4 each in Western Europe, Latin America, and Africa, and 3 in Asia. Documented prevalence of ESKD per million population varied from a high of 3,600 (Malaysia) to a low of 67 (Senegal). Annual mortality associated with ESKD varied from 31% (Ethiopia and Senegal) to 10% (UK). Nephrologist availability per million population varied from 40 (Japan) to <1 (South Africa) and was associated with per capita healthcare expenditures.
CONCLUSIONS: The delivery of kidney care related to ESKD varies widely among countries. Higher per capita healthcare spending is associated with increased delivery of kidney care. However, in part because documentation of kidney disease varies widely, it is difficult to determine how outcomes related to ESKD may vary across nations.

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