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  1. Gomaa FAM, Selim HMRM, Alshahrani MY, Aboshanab KM
    World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2024 Sep 09;40(10):316.
    PMID: 39249607 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-04118-4
    Istamycins (ISMs) are 2-deoxyfortamine-containing aminoglycoside antibiotics (AGAs) produced by Streptomyces tenjimariensis ATCC 31603 with broad-spectrum bactericidal activities against most of the clinically relevant pathogens. Therefore, this study aimed to statistically optimize the environmental conditions affecting ISMs production using the central composite design (CCD). Both the effect of culture media composition and incubation time and agitation rate were studied as one factor at the time (OFAT). The results showed that both the aminoglycoside production medium and the protoplast regeneration medium gave the highest specific productivity. Results also showed that 6 days incubation time and 200 rpm agitation were optimum for their production. A CCD quadratic model of 17 runs was employed to test three key variables: initial pH, incubation temperature, and concentration of calcium carbonate. A significant statistical model was obtained including, an initial pH of 6.38, incubation temperature of 30 ˚C, and 5.3% CaCO3 concentration. This model was verified experimentally in the lab and resulted in a 31-fold increase as compared to the unoptimized conditions and a threefold increase to that generated by using the optimized culture media. To our knowledge, this is the first report about studying environmental conditions affecting ISM production as OFAT and through CCD design of the response surface methodology (RSM) employed for statistical optimization. In conclusion, the CCD design is an effective tool for optimizing ISMs at the shake flask level. However, the optimized conditions generated using the CCD model in this study should be scaled up in a fermenter for industrial production of ISMs by S. tenjimariensis ATCC 31603 considering the studied environmental conditions that significantly influence the production proces.
  2. Halboup AM, Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF, Alomari MA, Refat M, Al-Khazzan AY, et al.
    J Multidiscip Healthc, 2023;16:707-716.
    PMID: 36938485 DOI: 10.2147/JMDH.S399405
    BACKGROUND: Following the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) declaration as a pandemic, Yemen has started applying preventive measures to prevent its spread. This study aims to identify the perception regarding the nature of the COVID-19 disease, susceptibility to severe forms of the disease, and its relationship to seasonal influenza among the population of Yemen.

    METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of the public in Yemen. The relationship between participants' sociodemographic factors and their responses was assessed by the chi-square test.

    RESULTS: A total of 748 participants agreed to participate in the study. Regarding the nature of the diseases, nearly half of the participants (48.8%, n=352) believed that COVID-19 is a naturally occurring human virus that is a serious and fatal disease (61.2%, n=448). The majority (74.9%; n=518) did not agree that bacteria cause COVID-19. More than half of the participants (57.5%, n=423) believed this disease is transmitted to humans through a host animal. Regarding the vulnerable groups to develop severe COVID-19 infection, most of the participants pointed out that the elderly (94.3%, n=705), people with chronic diseases (89.9%, n=669), and pregnant women (53%, n=365) were more susceptible to severe diseases. Regarding symptoms, the majority (61.9%, n=458) of the participants agreed that the symptoms of COVID-19 are similar to those of seasonal influenza. Additionally, the majority (81.9%, n=579) agreed that some individuals develop more severe symptoms than seasonal influenza, particularly those with chronic illness. Gender, age, and education were found to be associated with participants' perceptions regarding the nature of the virus and susceptibility to severe disease.

    CONCLUSION: Participants demonstrate a good understanding of the nature and susceptibility to complications associated with COVID-19 disease and its relationship to influenza. However, the respondents with a lower level of education might require additional educational campaigns to improve their awareness of the disease.

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