In solar heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), communications are designed to create new 3D mathematical models that address the flow of rotating Sutterby hybrid nanofluids exposed to slippery and expandable seats. The heat transmission investigation included effects such as copper and graphene oxide nanoparticles, as well as thermal radiative fluxing. The activation energy effect was used to investigate mass transfer with fluid concentration. The boundary constraints utilized were Maxwell speed and Smoluchowksi temperature slippage. With the utilization of fitting changes, partial differential equations (PDEs) for impetus, energy, and concentricity can be decreased to ordinary differential equations (ODEs). To address dimensionless ODEs, MATLAB's Keller box numerical technique was employed. Graphene oxide Copper/engine oil (GO-Cu/EO) is taken into consideration to address the performance analysis of the current study. Physical attributes, for example, surface drag coefficient, heat move, and mass exchange are mathematically processed and shown as tables and figures when numerous diverse factors are varied. The temperature field is enhanced by an increase in the volume fraction of copper and graphene oxide nanoparticles, while the mass fraction field is enhanced by an increase in activation energy.
Although ticks prevalent in various agro-systems of Pakistan are associated with economic losses, information is still missing about the tick's diversity, hosts they infest, seasonal dynamics and molecular phylogeny of Rhipicephalus microplus in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Pakistan. This study for the first time enlisted ticks infesting diverse hosts including humans in various regions of KP. A total of 8,641 ticks were collected across the northern, southern and central regions of KP and were morpho-taxonomically categorized into six genera comprising 17 species, R. microplus (n = 3,584, 42%), Hyalomma anatolicum (n = 2,253, 27%), Argas persicus (n = 1,342, 16%), Hya. impeltatum (n = 586, 7%), R. turanicus (n = 161, 2%), R. haemaphysaloides (n = 142, 2%), R. annulatus (n = 132, 2%), Hae. montgomeryi (n = 123, 1.4%), Hya. marginatum (n = 110, 1.3%), R. sanguineus (n = 34, 0.4%), and Hae. longicornis (n = 31, 0.4%). Ticks infesting wild animals included Amblyomma gervaisi, Amb. exornatum, Amb. latum, Dermacentor marginatus, and Hae. indica, while ticks collected from humans included R. microplus, R. annulatus, Hya. anatolicum, Hya. marginatum, and Hae. punctata. The overall prevalence of ticks infesting domestic animals was 69.4% (536/772). Among animal hosts, cattle were found highly infested (87.2%, 157/180) followed by buffalos (79%, 91/114), domestic fowls (74.7%, 112/150), goats (68.3%, 82/120), dogs (66.7%, 32/48), horses (61.3%, 49/80), and sheep (16.3%, 13/80). Analysis revealed that the tick burden significantly differed among domestic animals and was found to be high in cattle, followed by buffalos, goats, sheep, domestic fowl, dogs, and horses. Seasonal patterns of ticks distribution showed highest prevalance in July, August, and September due to the prevailing high temperature and humidity during these months. The phylogenetic analysis of cattle tick R. microplus based on partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COX1), 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences, revealed that R. microplus prevalent in this region belongs to clade C which include ticks originating from Bangladesh, Malaysia, and India. Further large scale studies across the country are necessary to explore the molecular and cross breeding aspects at the geographical overlapping of various tick species and their associated pathogens to facilitate designing control strategies as well as awareness against tick infestation in the region.