Physical activity (PA) maintains weight and reduces postnatal weight retention (PWR), thereby lowering obesity-related comorbidities. There is only limited evidence on the most effective postnatal PA for Malaysian women. This review identified evidence-based literature on the effectiveness of PA interventions in managing weight in postnatal women and the preferred type of intervention for them. A systematic literature search was conducted following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. Randomised controlled trials and quasi-experimental research related to PA interventions for women during the postnatal period (18 months after delivery) published in English from 2011 to 2021 were searched in ProQuest, Scopus, Springer Link and PubMed using the following keywords: 'physical activity', 'weight management' and 'postnatal women'. Intervention groups with weight and body mass index measured after any supervised PA guidance/counselling with a minimum follow-up of 10 weeks were included in the analysis. Those with pharmacological management and a comparator control group were excluded. A total of six articles met the inclusion criteria. Using the revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomised trials, one of these articles was classified as low-risk, two as having some concerns and three as having a high risk of bias. Walking, yoga and Pilates were found to be the most appropriate and preferred types of physical activity, despite having a small but significant impact on postnatal women's weight management. Healthcare professionals should adopt programmes that explicitly target these PA interventions to manage PWR.
A syringe is used to inject fluid or medicine into the patient's soft tissue. The main components of the syringe were the needle, barrel, and plunger. The use of syringes in the medical world is relatively high, and especially since the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of hypodermic syringes increased sharply due to vaccination. The syringe used must be effective and of good quality, so the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has published test procedures and minimum specifications for hypodermic syringes. The performance of the syringe can be observed from the dead space, force piston operation, water and air leakage, and fitting position of the plunger in the barrel. This review shows that most researchers use the weighing method to measure the dead space, although some use other methods. The researchers found that most of the products met the minimum specifications of the ISO, and that the dimensions and shape of the syringe affected the dead space. Researchers have not examined other performance measures recommended by the ISO. Researchers have focused more on force injection than force piston operation, leakage after injection or back spray than air and water leakage, and reduction the friction of the plunger without considering the fitting position of the plunger in the barrel.
In the market, there are many types and shapes of syringes. One of the groupings of syringe types is based on barrel volume. The shape of the product design affects performance and user perception. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of barrel volume on its performance and user perception. We performed analysis following international organization for standardization 7886 procedures on syringe with 1 mL, 3 mL, 5 mL, and 10 mL volume. In addition, a user perception test was conducted on 29 respondents using a questionnaire with the Likert chart method. This study indicates that the bigger the syringe volume, the larger the dead space and the force to operate the piston are. A larger syringe volume also raises the volume that changes due to the plunger position increase. Meanwhile, the barrel volume does not affect water and water leakage, as we did not observe any leak during the syringe tests in our experiment. In addition, the user perception test shows that the barrel's length influences the ease of device control during the injection. The volume of the barrel negatively correlated with its effect to the environment. The safety features of all syringes are similar except for the 3 mL syringe, which has a value of 0.1 points difference to other syringes.