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Goal Profiles, Mental Toughness and its Influence on Performance Outcomes among Wushu Athletes

Kuan G, Roy J

J Sports Sci Med, 2007;6(CSSI-2):28-33.
PMID: 24198700

This study examined the association between goal orientations and mental toughness and its influence on performance outcomes in competition. Wushu athletes (n = 40) competing in Intervarsity championships in Malaysia completed Task and Ego Orientations in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) and Psychological Performance Inventory (PPI). Using cluster analysis techniques including hierarchical methods and the non-hierarchical method (k-means cluster) to examine goal profiles, a three cluster solution emerged viz. cluster 1 - high task and moderate ego (HT/ME), cluster 2 - moderate task and low ego (MT/LE) and, cluster 3 - moderate task and moderate ego (MT/ME). Analysis of the fundamental areas of mental toughness based on goal profiles revealed that athletes in cluster 1 scored significantly higher on negative energy control than athletes in cluster 2. Further, athletes in cluster 1 also scored significantly higher on positive energy control than athletes in cluster 3. Chi-square (χ(2)) test revealed no significant differences among athletes with different goal profiles on performance outcomes in the competition. However, significant differences were observed between athletes (medallist and non medallist) in self- confidence (p = 0.001) and negative energy control (p = 0.042). Medallist's scored significantly higher on self-confidence (mean = 21.82 ± 2.72) and negative energy control (mean = 19.59 ± 2.32) than the non-medallists (self confidence-mean = 18.76 ± 2.49; negative energy control mean = 18.14 ± 1.91). Key pointsMental toughness can be influenced by certain goal profile combination.Athletes with successful outcomes in performance (medallist) displayed greater mental toughness.
Temporal Patterns of Subjective Experiences and Self-Regulation during Ramadan Fasting among Elite Archers: A Qualitative Analysis

Roy J, Hamidan S, Singh R

Asian J Sports Med, 2011 Sep;2(3):195-204.
PMID: 22375239

Some major competitions (e.g. London Olympics, 2012) are scheduled during the Ramadan fasting month. Little attention has been given to explore the archers' performance related subjective experiences with a qualitative method. Therefore, this study addressed individual archers' subjective experiences within the framework of self-regulation during Ramadan.
Validity of the Brunel Mood Scale for use With Malaysian Athletes

Lan MF, Lane AM, Roy J, Hanin NA

J Sports Sci Med, 2012;11(1):131-5.
PMID: 24149128

The aim of the present study was to investigate the factorial validity of the Brunel Mood Scale for use with Malaysian athletes. Athletes (N = 1485 athletes) competing at the Malaysian Games completed the Brunel of Mood Scale (BRUMS). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) results indicated a Confirmatory Fit Index (CFI) of .90 and Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA) was 0.05. The CFI was below the 0.95 criterion for acceptability and the RMSEA value was within the limits for acceptability suggested by Hu and Bentler, 1999. We suggest that results provide some support for validity of the BRUMS for use with Malaysian athletes. Given the large sample size used in the present study, descriptive statistics could be used as normative data for Malaysian athletes. Key pointsFindings from the present study lend support to the validity of the BRUMS for use with Malaysian athletes.Given the size of the sample used in the present study, we suggest descriptive data be used as the normative data for researchers using the scale with Malaysian athletes.It is suggested that future research investigate the effects of cultural differences on emotional states experienced by athletes before, during and post-competition.
Fulltext Cognitive Appraisals and Lived Experiences During Injury Rehabilitation: A Narrative Account Within Personal and Situational Backdrop

Roy J, Mokhtar AH, Abdul Karim S, Ayathupady Mohanan S

Asian J Sports Med, 2015 Sep;6(3):e24039.
PMID: 26448849 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.24039

The article highlights an athlete's cognitive appraisals form the onset to return to play. The narrative provides how an athlete constructs a sense of self within personal and situational factors and describes the subjective experiences during rehabilitation.
Self-generated coping strategies among muslim athletes during ramadan fasting

Roy J, Hwa OC, Singh R, Aziz AR, Jin CW

J Sports Sci Med, 2011;10(1):137-44.
PMID: 24149306

The study explored the self-generated coping strategies employed by Muslim athletes from South East Asian region during the Ramadan fasting month. Sixty-five National elite Muslim athletes responded to an open-ended question on coping strategies employed during Ramadan fasting. Inductive content analysis identified five general dimensions from 54 meaning units which were abstracted into 14 first-order themes and 10 second order themes. The general dimension included four problem-focused coping: training modifications, dietary habits, psychological, rest and recovery, and one emotion-focused coping i.e., self- control. The coping strategies employed were diverse and dynamic in nature and no specific pattern was evident. The most frequently employed strategies were associated with training and dietary habits. Emotion focused coping was the least frequently used by the athletes. Key pointsMuslim athletes employ diverse self -generated coping strategies during Ramadan fasting which can be categorized as anticipatory coping, preventative coping and proactive coping.Frequently employed coping strategies are task focused such as training modifications and adjustments in dietary habits.
Subjective Perception of Sports Performance, Training, Sleep and Dietary Patterns of Malaysian Junior Muslim Athletes during Ramadan Intermittent Fasting

Singh R, Hwa OC, Roy J, Jin CW, Ismail SM, Lan MF, et al.

Asian J Sports Med, 2011 Sep;2(3):167-76.
PMID: 22375236

To examine the subjective perception of daily acute fasting on sports performance, training, sleep and dietary patterns of Muslim athletes during the Ramadan month.
Therapeutic potential of neurogenesis and melatonin regulation in Alzheimer's disease

Mihardja M, Roy J, Wong KY, Aquili L, Heng BC, Chan YS, et al.

Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2020 10;1478(1):43-62.
PMID: 32700392 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14436

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the hallmark pathologies of amyloid-beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Symptoms of this devastating disease include behavioral changes and deterioration of higher cognitive functions. Impairment of neurogenesis has also been shown to occur in AD, which adversely impacts new neuronal cell growth, differentiation, and survival. This impairment possibly results from the cumulative effects of the various pathologies of AD. Preclinical studies have suggested that the administration of melatonin-the pineal hormone primarily responsible for the regulation of the circadian rhythm-targets the effects of AD pathologies and improves cognitive impairment. It is postulated that by mitigating the effect of these pathologies, melatonin can also rescue neurogenesis impairment. This review aims to explore the effect of AD pathologies on neurogenesis, as well as the mechanisms by which melatonin is able to ameliorate AD pathologies to potentially promote neurogenesis.
Role of melatonin in Alzheimer's disease: From preclinical studies to novel melatonin-based therapies

Roy J, Yin Wong K, Aquili L, Sahab Uddin M, Chin Heng B, Lim Tipoe G, et al.

Front Neuroendocrinol, 2022 Feb 12.
PMID: 35167824 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.100986

Melatonin and novel melatonin-based therapies such as melatonin-containing hybrid molecules, melatonin analogues, and melatonin derivatives have been investigated as potential therapeutics against Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. In this review, we examine the developmental trends of melatonin therapies for AD from 1997 to 2021. We then highlight the neuroprotective mechanisms of melatonin therapy derived from preclinical studies. These mechanisms include the alleviation of amyloid-related burden, neurofibrillary tangle accumulation, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired neuroplasticity and neurotransmission. We further illustrate the beneficial effects of melatonin on behavior in animal models of AD. Next, we discuss the clinical effects of melatonin on sleep, cognition, behavior, psychiatric symptoms, electroencephalography findings, and molecular biomarkers in patients with mild cognitive impairment and AD. We then explore the effectiveness of novel melatonin-based therapies. Lastly, we discuss the limitations of current melatonin therapies for AD and suggest two emerging research themes for future study.
Fulltext Neurogenesis-dependent antidepressant-like activity of Hericium erinaceus in an animal model of depression

Chong PS, Poon CH, Roy J, Tsui KC, Lew SY, Phang MWL, et al.

Chin Med, 2021 Dec 07;16(1):132.
PMID: 34876186 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00546-8

BACKGROUND: Depression is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder that affects more than 264 million people worldwide. The efficacy of conventional antidepressants are barely adequate and many have side effects. Hericium erinaceus (HE) is a medicinal mushroom that has been reported to have therapeutic potential for treating depression.
METHODS: Animals subjected to chronic restraint stress were given 4 weeks HE treatment. Animals were then screened for anxiety and depressive-like behaviours. Gene and protein assays, as well as histological analysis were performed to probe the role of neurogenesis in mediating the therapeutic effect of HE. Temozolomide was administered to validate the neurogenesis-dependent mechanism of HE.
RESULTS: The results showed that 4 weeks of HE treatment ameliorated depressive-like behaviours in mice subjected to 14 days of restraint stress. Further molecular assays demonstrated the 4-week HE treatment elevated the expression of several neurogenesis-related genes and proteins, including doublecortin, nestin, synaptophysin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB). Increased bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells were also observed in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, indicating enhanced neurogenesis. Neurogenesis blocker temozolomide completely abolished the antidepressant-like effects of HE, confirming a neurogenesis-dependent mechanism. Moreover, HE induced anti-neuroinflammatory effects through reducing astrocyte activation in the hippocampus, which was also abolished with temozolomide administration.
CONCLUSION: HE exerts antidepressant effects by promoting neurogenesis and reducing neuroinflammation through enhancing the BDNF-TrkB-CREB signalling pathway.