The sphenoid sinus, one of the posterior groups of sinuses, has long been regarded as a 'neglected sinus' due to the anatomical location, poor understanding and poor accessibility, till the advent of endoscopes and modern imaging techniques. Increasing knowledge and greater understanding of this sinus has permitted an evolution in surgical practices and boundaries. Various literatures of the past report a great variety of rates of pneumatization, rates of optic nerve protrusion and dehiscence, as well as internal carotid artery (ICA) protrusion and dehiscence. One similarity noted among these studies is that the rates vary according to the ethnicity of the patients. Recommendations have also been made along the way with regard to modified surgical techniques. This review aims to describe the pneumatization of sphenoid sinus and the topographical relation of the optic nerve and ICA in different populations.
Cat scratch disease (CSD) caused by Bartonella henselae is the most common Bartonella infection worldwide. CSD usually presents as self-limiting lymphadenitis characterized by lymphadenopathy that occurs after contact with a cat and the symptoms resolve within 2 to 4 months. Serology testing is the cornerstone of diagnosis. However, it may require the use of clinical specimens for microbiologic evaluation for diagnosis. A number of antimicrobial agents have been advocated for the treatment of cat-scratch disease and treatment with azithromycin has been shown to be beneficial.
Failure of a surgeon to understand the local variations of the anatomical landmarks of the sphenoid sinus is a potential risk factor to cause damage to the optic nerve (ON) or internal carotid artery (ICA) that lies on the walls of the sphenoid sinus. The aim of this study was to identify the anatomical variants of the sphenoid sinus and its related surrounding structures among the Southeast Asian (SEA) population, based on computed tomography (CT) scans.