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Fulltext Clinacanthus nutans attenuates atherosclerosis progression in rats with type 2 diabetes by reducing vascular oxidative stress and inflammation

Azemi AK, Mokhtar SS, Sharif SET, Rasool AHG

Pharm Biol, 2021 Dec;59(1):1432-1440.
PMID: 34693870 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1990357

CONTEXT: Atherosclerosis predisposes individuals to adverse cardiovascular events. Clinacanthus nutans L. (Acanthaceae) is a traditional remedy used for diabetes and inflammatory conditions.
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the anti-atherosclerotic activity of a C. nutans leaf methanol extract (CNME) in a type 2 diabetic (T2D) rat model induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and low-dose streptozotocin.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: non-diabetic fed a standard diet (C), C + CNME (500 mg/kg, orally), diabetic fed an HFD (DM), DM + CNME (500 mg/kg), and DM + Metformin (DM + Met; 300 mg/kg). Treatment with oral CNME and metformin was administered for 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum lipid profile, atherogenic index (AI), aortic tissue superoxide dismutase levels (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured. The rats' aortas were stained for histological analysis and intima-media thickness (IMT), a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis.
RESULTS: The CNME-treated diabetic rats had reduced serum total cholesterol (43.74%; p = 0.0031), triglycerides (80.91%; p = 0.0003), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (56.64%; p = 0.0008), AI (51.32%; p
Fulltext Metastatic Prostate Cancer Synchronous with Male Breast Papillary Ductal Carcinoma in situ: Management Dilemma and Literature Review

Hasbullah HH, MdYusof FW, Ahmad AH, Alzallal O, T Sharif SET

Case Rep Oncol, 2021 06 08;14(2):784-791.
PMID: 34177531 DOI: 10.1159/000515784

Prostate cancer is common in men, but tumour of the male breast is rare. For these two tumours to be presented synchronously in a male patient is even rarer. The focus of this paper is the case of a 72-year-old man diagnosed with papillary ductal carcinoma in situ after he presented with a unilateral breast mass associated with nipple discharge. Imaging staging for his breast tumour and subsequent prostate biopsy found an incidental synchronous asymptomatic prostate adenocarcinoma as well as bone metastases. He denies risk factors for malignancies and refuses genetic testing. The first part of our discussion will highlight the uncommon occurrence of male breast ductal carcinoma in situ and its management controversies. The subsequent part of our discussion will focus on the association between male breast cancer and prostate cancer, and implication of this on the future treatment of these patients. More importantly, our case will illustrate the challenges in managing dual primaries that present concurrently.
Model for type 2 diabetes exhibits changes in vascular function and structure due to vascular oxidative stress and inflammation

Azemi AK, Mokhtar SS, Hou LJ, Sharif SET, Rasool AHG

Biotech Histochem, 2021 Oct;96(7):498-506.
PMID: 32957845 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2020.1823480

We used a type 2 diabetes rat model produced by a high fat diet (HFD) followed by low dose streptozotocin (STZ) to study diabetic vasculopathy. Animals were evaluated for early vascular structural changes, endothelial function, inflammation, lipid profile and oxidative stress. We used 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats divided equally into control and diabetic groups. Diabetic rats were fed an HFD for 4 weeks, injected intraperitoneally with STZ, then sacrificed at week 15. Aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), aortic superoxide dismutase (SOD), endothelial-dependent and independent relaxation and contraction, intima-media thickness (IMT), malondialdehyde (MDA) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured. Histopathological characteristics also were assessed. Diabetic rats exhibited higher fasting blood glucose (FBG), low density lipoprotein, total cholesterol and triglycerides compared to the control group. Aortic endothelium-dependent relaxation due to acetylcholine (ACh) was lower, while aortic endothelium-dependent contraction due to calcium ionophore and endothelium-independent contraction due to phenylephrine (PE) were higher for the diabetic group. eNOS expression was lower in the diabetic group compared to controls. IMT and MDA levels were increased, while SOD activity was decreased in the diabetic group compared to controls. TNF-α was higher in the diabetic group than for controls. Our type 2 diabetes model exhibited endothelial dysfunction associated with early vascular structural changes, dyslipidemia, increased vascular oxidative stress, and inflammation. Therefore, the model is suitable for studying diabetic atherosclerosis.
Effect of Antihypertensive Drug Treatment on Oxidative Stress Markers in Heart of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Models

Yusoff NSN, Mustapha Z, Sharif SET, Govindasamy C, Sirajudeen KNS

J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol, 2017;36(1):43-53.
PMID: 28605330 DOI: 10.1615/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.2017014521

Oxidative stress has been suggested to play a role in hypertension- and hypertension-induced organ damage. The effect of antihypertensive drug treatments on oxidative stress markers has not been well assessed. Therefore, in this study we investigated the effect of enalapril on oxidative stress markers in hearts of hypertensive rat models such as spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and SHRs administered N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (SHR+L-NAME rats). Male rats were divided into four groups: SHRs, SHR+enalapril (SHR-E) rats, SHR+L-NAME rats, SHR+enalapril+L-NAME (SHRE+L-NAME) rats. Rats (SHREs) were administered enalapril (30 mg kg-1 day-1) in drinking water from week 4 to week 28 and L-NAME (25 mg kg-1 day-1) from week 16 to week 28 in drinking water. At the end of 28 weeks, animals were sacrificed, and their hearts were collected for the assessment of oxidative stress markers and histological examination. Enalapril treatment significantly enhanced the total antioxidant status (TAS) (P < 0.001), reduced the oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH : GSSG) (P < 0.001), and reduced to thibarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (P < 0.001) and protein carbonyl content (PCO) (P < 0.001), which thus reduced the oxidative stress in the heart. The fibrosis areas in SHRs and SHR+L-NAME rats were also markedly reduced. These findings suggest that enalapril might play a protective role in hypertension- and hypertension-induced organ damage.