Introduction: Kratom which is a tropical plant use as traditional remedy in rural areas of Malaysia and Thailand has recently been a research focus worldwide due to its potential as substitution therapy for opioid addiction. However, data on its effect on the quality of life of kratom users is scarce. This study aimed to describe the socio-demographic and history of kratom use as well as assessing the quality of life and its associated factors in Malaysian kratom users. Methods: This cross-sectional survey recruited 150 kratom users and they were administered with socio-demograph- ic and substance history questionnaires, the World Health Organization Quality of Life- BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) to assess quality of life and the Kratom Dependence Scale (KDS) to assess severity of kratom dependence. Results: Respondents were all males with mean age of 34.4 years old (SD= 11.2). Sixty-percent of respondents use kratom
> 6 years (mean duration = 8.5 years, SD= 5.3) while 55% (n=83/150) used >3 glasses of kratom daily. Duration of kratom use, quantity of kratom use and severity of kratom dependence were not associated with all the domains of quality of life except severe kratom dependence users had significant lower physical quality of life score when compared to that of users with mild to moderately severe kratom dependence. Conclusion: Based on our study, kra- tom consumption does not cause impairment in quality of life of kratom users except for severe kratom dependence which may cause deterioration in physical well-being of users.
Introduction: Kratom or (Mitragyna speciosa) leaves are consumed as a folk remedy and opioid substitute in the Southeast Asian region. There is still a lack of information about the long-term or toxic-causing effects of kratom use. Methods: A total of thirteen regular kratom users, with long-term (>20 twenty years) kratom use history were recruited for this cross-sectional pilot study. Respondents were required to undergo a blood-test and laboratory anaysis was conducted to determine the mitragynine content in an acquired street sample of kratom. Results: The regular, long- term consumption of brewed kratom decoction did not cause any significant alterations in haematological, kidney, liver, thyroid, inflammatory and gastrointestinal analytes in a cohort of kratom users who had no history of substance misuse. However, those who had a higher intake (>3 glasses per day) of kratom exhibited higher lipid values (except for HDL-cholesterol), and a moderate elevation of homocysteine level. Conclusion: Long-term (>20 years with a daily intake of 87.54mg of mitragynine) kratom consumption was not associated with altered biochemical levels, although prolonged and heavy use (>3 glasses daily) may result in cardiovascular risks. The latter finding, however, requires further investigation.