Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) is the most common chromosomal abnormality among liveborn infants. It is the most frequent form of intellectual disability caused by a microscopically demonstrable chromosomal aberration. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach to the ongoing evaluation and monitoring for associated congenital anomalies and acquired disorders.Trisomy 21 is characterized by a variety of dysmorphic features, congenital anomalies and associated medical conditions. Knowledge of these associated conditions are important for clinicians involved in the management of these patients. Appropriate radiologic imaging with prompt, accurate interpretation plays an important role in the diagnosis and management of these diseases. The primary goal of this pictorial review is to unravel the radiological findings of these associated conditions.
Retained products of conception (POC) complicates nearly 1% of all pregnancies, occurring with greater frequency after termination of pregnancy than after vaginal or caesarean delivery. The presenting symptoms of retained products of conception are similar to those of gestational trophoblastic disease and hence accurate differentiation is difficult based on clinical history and physical examination alone. The distinction between these two entities is extremely important as the treatment differs dramatically. These patients often need to be further evaluated with either ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis. Hence, radiologists play a vital role in clinching the diagnosis although at times it may be challenging to differentiate between these two entities. Herein, we discuss a case of degenerated retained products of conception which was initially misdiagnosed as invasive trophoblastic disease in a 41-year-old woman whom last known pregnancy was 10 years ago.
Meningiomas are neoplasm arising from meningoepithelial cells, most commonly in the fifth to sixth decade of life. Meningiomas are rare in paediatric population, accounting for 0.4-4.1% of all paediatric tumours and less than 3% of paediatric brain tumours. However, meningiomas represent the most common dural based tumours in children. We describe a rare case of paediatric fibroblastic meningioma within the left middle cranial fossa masquerading as an intra-axial mass lesion. Our discussion will be centred on atypical features of paediatric meningiomas and differential diagnosis of extra-axial mass lesion in the paediatric population.