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  1. Surface Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles for Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment to Improve Antitumor Efficiency
    Tan KF, In LLA, Vijayaraj Kumar P
    ACS Appl Bio Mater, 2023 Aug 21;6(8):2944-2981.
    PMID: 37435615 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00202
    Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have undergone significant research for their use in the treatment of cancer. Numerous researchers have established their potent antitumor properties, which have greatly impacted the treatment of cancer. AuNPs have been used in four primary anticancer treatment modalities, namely radiation, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and chemotherapy. However, the ability of AuNPs to destroy cancer is lacking and can even harm healthy cells without the right direction to transport them to the tumor microenvironment. Consequently, a suitable targeting technique is needed. Based on the distinct features of the human tumor microenvironment, this review discusses four different targeting strategies that target the four key features of the tumor microenvironment, including abnormal vasculature, overexpression of specific receptors, an acidic microenvironment, and a hypoxic microenvironment, to direct surface-functionalized AuNPs to the tumor microenvironment and increase antitumor efficacies. In addition, some current completed or ongoing clinical trials of AuNPs will also be discussed below to further reinforce the concept of using AuNPs in anticancer therapy.
  2. Application of cocoa butter for formulation of fast melt tablets containing memantine hydrochloride
    Loke YH, Phang HC, Gobal G, Vijayaraj Kumar P, Kee PE, Widodo RT, et al.
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2024 Oct;50(10):845-855.
    PMID: 39418138 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2024.2417999
    INTRODUCTION: Fast melt tablets (FMTs) provide a convenient dosage form that rapidly dissolves on the tongue without the need for water. Cocoa butter serves as a suitable matrix system for FMTs formulation, facilitating rapid disintegration at body temperature.

    OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to formulate FMTs using cocoa butter as a base and investigate the effect of various disintegrants and superdisintegrants on their characteristics.

    METHODS: Cocoa butter-based FMTs were prepared via the fusion molding technique. Different disintegrants and superdisintegrants were added at varying concentrations and subjected to characterization. The optimal formulation was selected and incorporated with 10 mg memantine hydrochloride.

    RESULTS: The optimal FMT formulation consisted of 340 mg cocoa butter, 75 mg starch, and 75 mg crospovidone, exhibiting a hardness of 17.12 ± 0.31 N and a disintegration time of 32.67 ± 0.17 s. Furthermore, FMTs demonstrated a faster release profile compared to the commercially available product, Ebixa. SEM micrographs revealed homogenous blending of individual ingredients within the cocoa butter matrix and FT-IR analysis confirmed the chemical stability of memantine hydrochloride in the formulation. The dissolution profile of F17 suggested that the drug in FMTs released faster compared to Ebixia. Memantine hydrochloride achieved 98.07% of drug release in FMTs at 10 min. Moreover, the prepared FMTs exhibited stability for at least 6 months.

    CONCLUSION: The successful development of cocoa butter-based FMTs containing memantine hydrochloride highlights the potential of cocoa butter as viable alternative matrix-forming material for FMTs production. This innovative formulation offers patients a convenient alternative for medication administration.

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