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Fulltext Potential role of E4 protein in human papillomavirus screening: a review

Yajid AI, Zakariah MA, Mat Zin AA, Othman NH

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2017 02 01;18(2):315-319.
PMID: 28345325

In 2006, cervical cancer was reported as the second most common cancer in women of Malaysia. This type of cancer has been shown to correlate with persistent high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Although HPV is well known to induce cervical cancer, knowledge of pathways that link the latent stage of the viral replication cycle to precancerous and cancerous stages remains incomplete. However, it is interesting to note that the virus can be isolated from tissues ranging from normal to low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions as well as high-grade intraepithelial lesions (HSILs), thus prompting scientists to develop HPV detection methods for screening. Detection of HPV using viral proteins such as L1 and E1 is proposed to be very useful in assisting the management of high risk infection and cervical cancer. These tests however can lead to false positive results, largely due to the exisstence of asymptomatic or transient HPV infections within any given individual. Somes observation indicate that use of HPV proteins such as E6 and E7 might lead to false positive results. However, one particular HPV protein, E4 shows potential as an accurate marker of the tissue state following HPV infection. E4 expression has been shown to correlate with the levels of HPV DNA incorporation by the host. Thus, it is possible that E4 could serve as a useful marker to define stages of viral carcinogenesis.
Fulltext Potential Benefits ofAnnona muricatain Combating Cancer: A Review

Yajid AI, Ab Rahman HS, Wong MPK, Wan Zain WZ

Malays J Med Sci, 2018 Feb;25(1):5-15.
PMID: 29599630 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2018.25.1.2

The incidence of cancer is increasing each year, which generates concerns regarding the efficacy of the current treatment options. This has caused patients to seek alternatives to complement or to replace surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.Annona muricataand other plants have been shown to have promising compounds that can be utilised in the treatment of cancer. Native to the tropical and subtropical parts of the world,A. muricataplant extracts contain compounds that are particularly effective against cancer cells. In light of increasing concerns regarding the limitations of cancer treatment in hospitals, this review attempts to highlight the benefits ofA. muricataand its potential to be integrated as one of the treatment options against cancer.
Fulltext Exploring Two Protocols of FISH Using Cytocell SYT-SSX Probe on Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded Tissue Sections

Yajid AI, Mohd Nafi SN, Salehan NA, Tuan Sharif SE

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2020 May 01;21(5):1241-1245.
PMID: 32458628 DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.5.1241

BACKGROUND: Chromosomal translocation t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2) is the cytogenetic hallmark of synovial sarcoma and have been identified as an alternative diagnostic strategy in differentiating synovial sarcoma from other histologic mimics. This study was carried out to test the efficacy of two FISH protocols using the SYT-SSX break apart probe from Cytocell.
METHODOLOGY: Representative paraffin blocks of synovial sarcoma were utilized in this study. FISH study was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections using the SYT-SSX break apart probe from Cytocell, to detect two form of SYT-SSX transcript, SYT-SSX1 and SYT-SSX2. FISH protocol, including the hybridization was done following two different protocols, Cytocell FISH protocol and Optimized Dako FISH protocol.
RESULTS: Tissue samples subjected to FISH using Cytocell FISH protocol showed the absence of signal corresponding to the probe used. Utilizing Optimized Dako FISH protocol, the two signals (red and green) corresponding to the break-apart probes was detected. These findings suggested that Optimised Dako FISH protocol is more suited for use with the tested probe on paraffin embedded tissues in comparison to Cytocell FISH protocol.
CONCLUSION: Optimised Dako FISH protocol was noted to be more suited for detecting SYT-SSX FISH signals on paraffin embedded tissues in comparison to Cytocell FISH protocol.
Fulltext Pereskia bleo augments NK cell cytotoxicity against triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231)

Khalaf TK, Ismail N, Nazri NA, Ahmed N, Yajid AI, Mohamud R, et al.

PeerJ, 2024;12:e18420.
PMID: 39619199 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18420

BACKGROUND: Natural killer cells (NK cells) are essential in cancer immunosurveillance in the body as they can recognize cancer cells that lacking MHC class 1 on their surface. Regulatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-18, IL-12, IL-10, IL-8, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and secretory granules like perforin and granzyme are involved in NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Stimulating NK cells cytotoxicity towards cancer cells is an ideal strategy to combat cancer naturally. Medicinal plants have been reported to enhance immunity, with Pereskia bleo (P. bleo) particularly noteworthy due to its abundant bioactive compounds and ability to activate immune cells. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of methanol extract of P. bleo leaves (MEPB) for enhancing NK cell cytotoxicity against triple-negative human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231).
METHODS: The optimal concentration of MEPB to activate NK cells was determined using healthy blood samples, assessing the expression of IL-12, IL-18, IL-10, IL-8, IFN-γ, perforin, and granzyme B via an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). NK cell purity from healthy donors and breast cancer patients was determined using specific antibodies, and the number of NK cells was assessed using flow cytometry and a hemocytometer. A co-culture experiment, ELISA, and apoptosis assay were used to evaluate NK-mediated cytotoxicity pathways.
RESULTS: ELISA data indicated that MEPB at 7.5 µg/ml significantly increased the expression of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-18, perforin, and granzyme B while decreasing IL-8 and IL-10 expression after 20 hrs of incubation. The average NK cell purity was 87.09 ± 0.043%. Breast cancer patients exhibited lower NK cell counts than healthy donors. Co-culture experiments demonstrated that NK cells induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in the presence of MEPB by increasing perforin, granzyme B, and IFN-γ expression in both healthy donors and breast cancer patients-experimental groups. P. bleo enhances NK cell activation, promoting the apoptosis of triple-negative human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), suggesting the potential use of MEPB leaves as an anti-cancer immunostimulant.