The major cement composition ratios of alite, belite, aluminate, and ferrite have been calculated with the Bogue models until now. However, a recent comprehensive analysis based on various experimental data has revealed that the chemical composition of alite, belite, aluminate, and ferrite implemented by the Bogue models are slightly different than the experimental data, where small amounts of Al2O3 and Fe2O3 existing in alite and belite can change the prediction of cement composition. Since the amounts of cement compound are very important factors in determining the properties of concrete, improvement in the calculation would give more precise prediction for application usages such as climate change adaptable cement and high durable concrete manufacturing. For this purpose, 20 new models are proposed by modifying chemical compositions of the cement compounds and verified with the 50 experimental data sets. From the verification, the most accurate models are identified. The calculation using new models exhibit an accuracy improvement of approximately 5% compared to the Bogue models. Their applicable range is also presented. The study results are discussed in detail in the paper.
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. During this process, cancer cells are likely to navigate discrete tissue-tissue interfaces, enabling them to infiltrate and spread throughout the body. Three-dimensional (3D) spheroid modeling is receiving more attention due to its strengths in studying the invasive behavior of metastatic cancer cells. While microscopy is a conventional approach for investigating 3D invasion, post-invasion image analysis, which is a time-consuming process, remains a significant challenge for researchers. In this study, we presented an image processing pipeline that utilized a deep learning (DL) solution, with an encoder-decoder architecture, to assess and characterize the invasion dynamics of tumor spheroids. The developed models, equipped with feature extraction and measurement capabilities, could be successfully utilized for the automated segmentation of the invasive protrusions as well as the core region of spheroids situated within interfacial microenvironments with distinct mechanochemical factors. Our findings suggest that a combination of the spheroid culture and DL-based image analysis enable identification of time-lapse migratory patterns for tumor spheroids above matrix-substrate interfaces, thus paving the foundation for delineating the mechanism of local invasion during cancer metastasis.