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  1. Pathology of an unusual outbreak of fatal disease associated with mycobacterial and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in juvenile spectacled caimans (Caiman crocodilus)
    Azlin SUNK, Muhammad Husairy NF, Fraser C, Zahli NIU, Akmal MN, Salleh A
    J Comp Pathol, 2025 Mar 12;218:19-25.
    PMID: 40081130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2025.02.003
    The spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus) is a common crocodilian species used for exhibition in zoos and for luxury leather and meat production. We investigated unusual mortality among juvenile spectacled caimans in a zoo in Malaysia over a 2-year period. Clinical signs included inappetence, poor body condition, dehydration and ocular lesions. Necropsy findings included integumentary, respiratory and renal abnormalities. Histopathological analyses revealed necrotic plugs and intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies in epidermal keratinocytes, granulomatous lesions in the lungs and liver and gout crystals in the kidneys. Acid-fast, beaded, rod-shaped bacteria were identified in the granulomatous lesions using Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Microbiological investigations identified Pseudomonas aeruginosa as the predominant pathogen, while mycobacteriosis was also detected and poxvirus infection was suspected. However, due to the lack of suitable samples, molecular diagnosis was challenging. These findings emphasize the multifactorial nature of disease in captive spectacled caimans and the need for enhanced management strategies to mitigate health risks and preserve population viability.
  2. Rabies epidemiology in Malaysia (2015-2023): A cross-sectional insights and strategies for control
    Wada YA, Mazlan M, Noordin MM, Mohd-Lila MA, Fong LS, Ramanoon SZ, et al.
    Vaccine, 2024 Dec 02;42(26):126371.
    PMID: 39288577 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126371
    BACKGROUND: Malaysia currently faces significant challenges in controlling the spread of dog-mediated human rabies, as evidenced by recurrent outbreaks in newly affected areas and increasing human fatalities.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted to analyse surveillance data from 2015 to 2023 to examine the epidemiological characteristics of rabies in Malaysia. Data from multiple sources were used, and descriptive statistics, incidence rates, and reproductive numbers were calculated. QGIS software was used to map the distribution of rabies cases, and statistical methods were employed to evaluate associations between rabies incidence, vaccination coverage, and risk factors. We further explored the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns and public health interventions in reducing rabies transmission.

    RESULTS: Our findings revealed 995 confirmed rabies cases in animals. Sarawak reported the highest proportion of rabies cases at 97.99 %, showing a significant correlation between location and rabies cases (p 

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