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In vitro anti-breast cancer studies of LED red light therapy through autophagy

Yang KL, Khoo BY, Ong MT, Yoong ICK, Sreeramanan S

Breast Cancer, 2021 Jan;28(1):60-66.
PMID: 32654094 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-020-01128-6

LED red light has been reported to have many health benefits. The present study was conducted to characterise anti-proliferation properties of four LED red light wavelengths (615, 630, 660 and 730 nm) against non-triple negative (MCF-7) and triple negative (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer-origin cell lines. It has been shown by MTT assay that at 24 h post-exposure time point, only LED red light with wavelength 660 nm possessed anti-proliferative effects against both cell lines with 40% reduction of cell viability. The morphology of LED 660 nm irradiated cells was found flatten with enlarged cell size, typical characteristic of cell senescent. Indications of autophagy activities following the irradiation have been provided by acridine orange staining, showing high presence of acidic vesicle organelles (AVOs). In addition, high LC3-II/LC3-I to LC3 ratio has been observed qualitatively in Western blot analysis indicating an increase number of autophagosomes formation in LED 660 nm irradiated cells compared to control cells. Electron dense bodies observed in these cells under TEM micrographs provided additional support to the above observations, leading to the conclusion that LED 660 nm irradiation promoted anti-proliferative activities through autophagy in breast cancer-origin cells. These findings have suggested that LED 660 nm might be developed and be employed as an alternative cancer treatment method in future.
Role of dietary fat on obesity-related postmenopausal breast cancer: insights from mouse models and methodological considerations

Tan PY, Teng KT

Breast Cancer, 2021 May;28(3):556-571.
PMID: 33687609 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-021-01233-0

The increasing incidence rate of breast cancer in the last few decades is known to be linked to the upward trend of obesity prevalence worldwide. The consumption of high-fat diet in particular has been correlated with postmenopausal breast cancer risk. The underlying mechanisms, using suitable and reliable experimental mouse model, however, is lacking. The current review aims to discuss the evidence available from mouse models on the effects of dietary fats intake on postmenopausal breast cancer. We will further discuss the biochemical mechanisms involved in the occurrence of postmenopausal breast cancer. In addition, the methodological considerations and their limitations in obesity-related postmenopausal breast cancer, such as choice of mouse models and breast cancer cell lines as well as the study duration will be reviewed. The current review will provide a platform for further development of new xenograft models which may offer the opportunity to investigate the mechanisms of postmenopausal breast cancer in a greater detail.
Fulltext Relevance of the MHC region for breast cancer susceptibility in Asians

Ho PJ, Khng AJ, Tan BK, Tan EY, Tan SM, Tan VKM, et al.

Breast Cancer, 2022 Sep;29(5):869-879.
PMID: 35543923 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-022-01366-w

BACKGROUND: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes play critical roles in immune surveillance, an important defence against tumors. Imputing HLA genotypes from existing single-nucleotide polymorphism datasets is low-cost and efficient. We investigate the relevance of the major histocompatibility complex region in breast cancer susceptibility, using imputed class I and II HLA alleles, in 25,484 women of Asian ancestry.
METHODS: A total of 12,901 breast cancer cases and 12,583 controls from 12 case-control studies were included in our pooled analysis. HLA imputation was performed using SNP2HLA on 10,886 quality-controlled variants within the 15-55 Mb region on chromosome 6. HLA alleles (n = 175) with info scores greater than 0.8 and frequencies greater than 0.01 were included (resolution at two-digit level: 71; four-digit level: 104). We studied the associations between HLA alleles and breast cancer risk using logistic regression, adjusting for population structure and age. Associations between HLA alleles and the risk of subtypes of breast cancer (ER-positive, ER-negative, HER2-positive, HER2-negative, early-stage, and late-stage) were examined.
RESULTS: We did not observe associations between any HLA allele and breast cancer risk at P
Association of psychological distress with arm morbidity symptoms in breast cancer survivors: outcomes from the use of PHQ-9 and GAD-7 questionnaires

Yusof KM, Mohd Sidik S, Mahmud R, Abdullah M, Avery-Kiejda KA, Rosli R

Breast Cancer, 2023 Sep;30(5):810-819.
PMID: 37306933 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-023-01475-0

BACKGROUND: Although higher survival rates of breast cancer are achieved these days, breast cancer survivors are challenged with unwanted side effects from treatment or management that affect physical, functional, and psychological well-being of an individual. This study aimed to assess psychological distress status in Malaysian breast cancer survivors and factors that affected the condition.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study design was conducted on 162 breast cancer survivors from various breast cancer support groups in Malaysia. Psychological distress status was assessed based on depression and anxiety scores by applying the Malay version of Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7). Both instruments were self-administered along with a set of questionnaires comprising demographic, medical history, quality of life, and upper extremity function assessment. Outcomes from the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 were analyzed for severity level of psychological distress, and its association with relevant variables, arm morbidity symptoms, as well as the duration of cancer survivorship.
RESULTS: The univariate analysis showed that breast cancer survivors with arm morbidities after breast surgery had a higher score of depression (5.0 vs 4.0, p = 0.011) and anxiety (3.0 vs 1.0, p = 0.026) than those who did not. Besides that, receiving fewer post-rehabilitation treatments (p = 0.049) and having a family history of cancer (p = 0.022) were correlated with higher anxiety level. The level of depression and anxiety was inversely proportionate with quality of life and positively correlated with greater disability of the arm function (p
Prognosis of primary breast salivary gland-type carcinoma: a propensity score-matching analysis with invasive carcinoma of no special type based on the SEER database for years 2010-2020

Ch'ng ES

Breast Cancer, 2024 May;31(3):496-506.
PMID: 38546966 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-024-01564-8

BACKGROUND: Primary breast salivary gland-type carcinoma has weak evidence to support its management due to its rare occurrence and limited data regarding its clinicopathological features and prognosis. Therefore, this study aimed to assess clinicopathological features and prognosis for this type of carcinoma diagnosed over the past decade and compared those to the common breast invasive carcinoma of no special type (NST).
METHODS: This study used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to extract data regarding primary breast salivary gland-type carcinoma. Using a propensity score-matching approach, the prognosis was compared with invasive carcinoma, NST.
RESULTS: This study included 488 cases of salivary gland-type carcinoma and 375,660 cases of invasive carcinoma, NST, giving an occurrence ratio of 1 to 770. Adenoid cystic carcinoma (81%) formed the majority of salivary gland-type carcinoma, followed by secretory carcinoma (13%). For salivary gland-type carcinoma, acinic cell carcinoma histological type, tumor grade 3, HER2-overexpressed status, and higher AJCC stage groups were significant worse prognostic factors for breast cancer-specific survival in univariate analyses (p