Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 23 in total

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  1. Hasan WNW, Chin KY, Jolly JJ, Ghafar NA, Soelaiman IN
    PMID: 29683099 DOI: 10.2174/1871530318666180423122409
    BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a silent skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and destruction of skeletal microarchitecture, leading to an increased fracture risk. This occurs due to an imbalance in bone remodelling, whereby the rate of bone resorption is greater than bone formation. Mevalonate pathway, previously known to involve in cholesterol synthesis, is an important regulatory pathway for bone remodelling.

    OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to provide an overview of the relationship between mevalonate pathway and bone metabolism, as well as agents which act through this pathway to achieve their therapeutic potential.

    DISCUSSION: Mevalonate pathway produces farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate essential in protein prenylation. An increase in protein prenylation favours bone resorption over bone formation. Non-nitrogen containing bisphosphonates inhibit farnesyl diphosphate synthase which produces farnesyl pyrophosphate. They are used as the first line therapy for osteoporosis. Statins, a well-known class of cholesterol-lowering agents, inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the rate-determining enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. It was shown to increase bone mineral density and prevent fracture in humans. Tocotrienol is a group of vitamin E commonly found in palm oil, rice bran and annatto bean. It causes degradation of HMG-CoA reductase. Many studies demonstrated that tocotrienol prevented bone loss in animal studies but its efficacy has not been tested in humans.

    CONCLUSION: Mevalonate pathway can be exploited to develop effective antiosteoporosis agents.

  2. Eleazu C, Ekeleme CE, Famurewa A, Mohamed M, Akunna G, David E, et al.
    PMID: 30659555 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190119101058
    BACKGROUND: Research studies that holistically investigated the effect of administration of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) on diabetic humans or animals are limited in literature.

    OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of administration of VCO on lipid profile, markers of hepatic and renal dysfunction, and hepatic and renal antioxidant activities of alloxan induced diabetic rats.

    METHODS: Twenty-four male albino rats were used, and they were divided into four groups of six rats each. Group 1 (Normal Control, NC) received distilled water (1 mL/kg); Group 2 (VCO Control) received VCO (5 mL/kg); Group 3 (Diabetic Control, DC) received distilled water (1 mL/kg); Group 4 (Test Group, TG) received 5 ml/kg of VCO.

    RESULTS: There were no significant differences in blood glucose, body weights, relative liver weights, relative kidney weights, hepatic and renal Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activities, Malondialdehyde (MDA), albumin, aspartate Amino Transaminase (AST), alanine Amino Transaminase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), urea, creatinine, uric acid, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, Very Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) and Low Density Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) concentrations; significant increases in renal Glutathione (GSH), hepatic catalase, Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) and GSH but significant reduction in renal GPx and catalase activities of VCO control group compared with NC group. There were significant increases in blood glucose, relative liver and kidney weights, hepatic GPx, hepatic and renal MDA concentration, ALP, AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, uric acid, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, LDL and VLDL concentrations; and significant decreases in body weight, hepatic SOD and GSH activities and albumin concentration but no significant difference in hepatic catalase activity of DC group compared with NC group. Administration of VCO to diabetic rats positively modulated these parameters compared with the diabetic control.

    CONCLUSION: The study showed the potentials of VCO in the management of hyperlipidemia, renal and hepatic dysfunctions imposed by hyperglycemia and by oxidative stress in diabetic rats.

  3. Mohamad NV, Ima-Nirwana S, Chin KY
    PMID: 32496996 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200604160614
    Osteoporosis is one of the major health issues associated with menopause-related estrogen deficiency. Various reports suggest that the hormonal changes related to menopausal transition may lead to the derangement of redox homeostasis and ultimately oxidative stress. Estrogen deficiency and oxidative stress may enhance the expression of genes involved in inflammation. All these factors may contribute, in synergy, to the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Previous studies suggest that estrogen may act as an antioxidant to protect the bone against oxidative stress, and as an antiinflammatory agent in suppressing pro-inflammatory and pro-osteoclastic cytokines. Thus, the focus of the current review is to examine the relationship between estrogen deficiency, oxidative stress and inflammation, and the impacts of these phenomena on skeletal health in postmenopausal women.
  4. Yong DOC, Saker SR, Chellappan DK, Madheswaran T, Panneerselvam J, Choudhury H, et al.
    PMID: 32359343 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200503053846
    The application of medicinal plants has captured the interest of researchers in recent times due to their potent therapeutic properties and a better safety profile. The prominent role of herbal products in treating and preventing multiple diseases dates back to ancient history and most of the modern drugs today originated from their significant sources owing to their ability to control multiple targets via different signalling pathways. Among them, flavonoids consist of a large group of polyphenols, which are well known for their various therapeutic benefits. Rutin is considered one of the attractive phytochemicals and important flavonoids in the pharmaceutical industry due to its diverse pharmacological activities via various underlying molecular mechanisms. It is usually prescribed for various disease conditions such as varicosities, haemorrhoids and internal haemorrhage. In this review, we have discussed and highlighted the different molecular mechanisms attributed to the various pharmacological activities of rutin, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-allergic and antidiabetic. This review will be beneficial to herbal, biological and molecular scientists in understanding the pharmacological relevance of rutin at the molecular level.
  5. Aggarwal T, Wadhwa R, Gupta R, Paudel KR, Collet T, Chellappan DK, et al.
    PMID: 32342824 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200428113051
    Regardless of advances in detection and treatment, breast cancer affects about 1.5 million women all over the world. Since the last decade, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been extensively conducted for breast cancer to define the role of miRNA as a tool for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics. MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that are associated with the regulation of key cellular processes such as cell multiplication, differentiation, and death. They cause a disturbance in the cell physiology by interfering directly with the translation and stability of a targeted gene transcript. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a large family of non-coding RNAs, which regulate target gene expression and protein levels that affect several human diseases and are suggested as the novel markers or therapeutic targets, including breast cancer. MicroRNA (miRNA) alterations are not only associated with metastasis, tumor genesis but also used as biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis or prognosis. These are explained in detail in the following review. This review will also provide an impetus to study the role of microRNAs in breast cancer.
  6. Chellappan DK, Yenese Y, Wei CC, Gupta G
    Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets, 2017 09 11;17(2):87 - 95.
    PMID: 28427246 DOI: 10.2174/1871530317666170421121202
    Background and Objective: The incidence of diabetes has been on the rise and the rate of rise since the turn of this century has been phenomenal. One of the various battling issues faced by diabetics all over the globe is the management of diabetic wounds. Currently, there are several management strategies to deal with the treatment of diabetic wounds. The conventional methods have several limitations. One of the major limitations is the rate and progression of healing of a diabetic wound when adopting a conventional diabetic wound management therapy. Lately, several nano techniques and nano products have emerged in the market that offer promising results for such patients. The treatment outcomes are achieved more efficiently with such nanomedical products.
    Methods: This review attempts to consider the currently available nanotechnological applications in the management of diabetic wounds. We take a deeper look into the available nanotherapeutic agents and the different nanocarriers that could be used in the management of diabetic wound healing. Lately, researchers around the globe have started providing evidences on the effective use of such nanoparticles in various fields of Medicine extending from genetics to various other branches of medicine. This also includes the management of diabetic wounds.
    Conclusion: This paper discusses the challenges faced with these nanotherapies and nanoparticles with regard to the treatment of diabetic wounds.
  7. Uti DE, Atangwho IJ, Eyong EU, Umoru GU, Egbung GE, Rotimi SO, et al.
    PMID: 31339080 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190724114729
    BACKGROUND: Obesity is characterized by increased body fat and involves an imbalance between the synthesis and degradation of lipids.

    OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to investigate the effect of African walnuts (Tetracarpidium conophorum) on lipids storage and the regulatory enzymes of hepatic lipid metabolism in obese rats.

    METHODS: Nuts were extracted in ethanol (WE) and further separated to obtain the ethyl-acetate fraction (ET) and the residue (RES). These were administered orally to 3 groups of monosodium glutamate- obese rats (n = 6), respectively, for 6 weeks. Other groups in the study were: normal (NC), obese control (OC) and standard control (SC) which received orlistat. Hepatic total lipids, total phospholipids, triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TCHOL), 3-hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase and paraoxonase were studied.

    RESULTS: Total lipids, TG and TCHOL which increased in OC compared to NC group, decreased. HMG-CoA reductase activity decreased in the 3 study groups relative to OC. Paraoxonase activity which decreased in OC was up-regulated, while the magnitude of hepatic cholesterol decreased from 94.32 % in OC to 52.19, 65.43 and 47.04 % with WE, ET and RES, respectively. Flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins and saponins were detected in the nut. GC-MS analysis revealed 16, 18 and 10 volatile components in WE, ET and RES, respectively. Unsaturated fatty acids (linolenic acids: 33.33, 47.95 and 50.93 %, and α-linolenic acids: 25, 19.66 and 26.63 %) in WE, ET and RES, respectively, are the most abundant, and likely to be responsible for the observed activity.

    CONCLUSION: African walnuts can prevent hepatic lipid accumulation through reciprocal actions on HMG-CoA reductase and paraoxonase in obesity.

  8. Mohamad NV, Ima-Nirwana S, Chin KY
    PMID: 33327926 DOI: 10.2174/1871530321666201216164410
    Prolonged treatment with Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) agonists is known to induce bone loss among prostate cancer patients. However, evidence on the skeletal effects of GnRH antagonists is relatively less well-known. This review aims to examine the effects of GnRH antagonists on bone health. GnRH antagonists are an effective treatment for hormone-dependent conditions, such as advanced prostate cancer and endometriosis. They induce a competitive and reversible GnRH-receptor blockage, thereby suppressing the release of gonadotropins and sex hormones. The sex hormone ablation results in undesirable side effects, including accelerated bone loss. In animal studies, treatment with GnRH antagonists is reported to cause deterioration of bone microstructure. Human clinical trials revealed significant bone loss at the spine, hip and femur in patients treated with GnRH antagonists. Thus, osteoporosis and the resultant fragility fractures pose a significant impact on health and quality of life of GnRH antagonist users. Thus, early preventive measures of bone loss are critical in preventing fractures and its associated morbidity in these patients.
  9. Sapian S, Budin SB, Taib IS, Mariappan V, Zainalabidin S, Chin KY
    PMID: 34802412 DOI: 10.2174/1871530321666211119144309
    Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is known as one of the driving sources of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). DN prevalence continues to increase in every corner of the world andthat has been a major concern to healthcare professionals as DN is the key driver of diabetes mellitus (DM) morbidity and mortality. Hyperglycaemia is closely connected with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause oxidative stress response as well as numerous cellular and molecular modifications. Oxidative stress is a significant causative factor to renal damage, as it can activate other immunological pathways, such as inflammatory, fibrosis, and apoptosis pathways. These pathways can lead to cellular impairment and death as well as cellular senescence. Natural substances containing bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, have been reported to exert valuable effects on various pathological conditions, including DM. The role of polyphenols in alleviating DN conditions has been documented in many studies. In this review, the potential of polyphenols in ameliorating the progression of DN via modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis, as well as cellular senescence, has been addressed. This information may be used as the strategies for the management of DN and development as nutraceutical products to overcome DN development.
  10. Chan CY, Subramaniam S, Mohamed N, Muhammad N, Ramli FF, Ima-Nirwana S, et al.
    PMID: 34370656 DOI: 10.2174/1871530321666210809154456
    BACKGROUND: The currently available bone turnover markers are mostly derived from osteoblasts or osteoclasts. Protein markers derived from osteocytes, the most abundant bone cells that can regulate bone turnover activities by other cells, are less explored.

    OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the circulating markers of osteocytes and calcium homeostasis between Malaysian postmenopausal women with and without osteoporosis.

    METHODS: Postmenopausal women with (n=20) or without osteoporosis (n=20) as determined by dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry were randomly drawn from a bone health cohort. Their fasting blood was collected and assayed by a multiplex immunoassay panel.

    RESULTS: The results showed that osteoprotegerin and sclerostin levels were significantly lower among postmenopausal women with osteoporosis than the normal control. No significant differences in other markers were observed between the two groups. Sclerostin level correlated positively with spine Bone Mineral Density (BMD), while 25-hydroxyvitamin D correlated negatively with hip BMD in the control group. No significant correlation was observed between other markers with spine or hip BMD.

    CONCLUSION: These data provide an insight into the possible roles of osteocyte markers, especially osteoprotegerin and sclerostin, in classifying subjects with osteoporosis. However, the lack of association between these markers and BMD indicates that osteoporosis is a complex and multifactorial condition.

  11. Fazal SA, Khan M, Nishi SE, Alam F, Zarin N, Bari MT, et al.
    Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets, 2018 Feb 13;18(2):98-109.
    PMID: 29141572 DOI: 10.2174/1871530317666171114122417
    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a predominant inflammatory autoimmune disorder. The incidence and prevalence of RA is increasing with considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathophysiology of RA has become clearer due to many significant research outputs during the last two decades. Many inflammatory cytokines involved in RA pathophysiology and the presence of autoantibodies are being used as potential biomarkers via the use of effective diagnostic techniques for the early diagnosis of RA. Currently, several disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs are being prescribed targeting RA pathophysiology, which have shown significant contributions in improving the disease outcomes.

    DISCUSSION: Even though innovations in treatment strategies and monitoring are helping the patients to achieve early and sustained clinical and radiographic remission, the high cost of drugs and limited health care budgets are restricting the easy access of RA treatment. Both direct and indirect high cost of treatment are creating economic burden for the patients and affecting their quality of life.

    CONCLUSION: The aim of this review is to describe the updated concept of RA pathophysiology and highlight current diagnostic tools used for the early detection as well as prognosis - targeting several biomarkers of RA. Additionally, we explored the updated treatment options with side effects besides discussing the global economic burden.
  12. Mohamad NV, Soelaiman IN, Chin KY
    Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets, 2017 Nov 16;17(4):276-284.
    PMID: 28925899 DOI: 10.2174/1871530317666170919112757
    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Prostate cancer is the most prevalent non-cutaneous cancer in men, which causes significant mortality among the patients. Since prostate cancer cells are stimulated by androgen, effective androgen ablation in men is one of the essential strategies in the management of prostate cancer.

    DISCUSSION: Several treatment options are available for different stages of prostate cancer. Hormone therapy known as androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the first line treatment used to treat advanced prostate cancer. Chemical castration by gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists suppresses lutenizing hormone production, which in turn inhibits the production of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. This will prevent the growth of prostate cancer cells. However, ADT causes deleterious effects on bone health because the androgens are essential in preserving optimal bone health in men.

    CONCLUSION: Various observational studies showed that long-term ADT for advanced or metastatic prostate cancer was associated with decreased bone mineral density, as well as altered body composition that might affect bone health. Considering the potential impact of osteoporotic fracture, interventions to mitigate these skeletal adverse effects should be considered by physicians when initiating ADT on their patients.

  13. Soh GT, Mohammad AH, Syed Isa SNL, Chin KY, Mohamed N
    PMID: 36380416 DOI: 10.2174/1871530323666221114111029
    BACKGROUND: Chronic low-grade inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis, but the cytokines implicated remain elusive.

    OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the difference in cytokine profile between postmenopausal women with and without osteoporosis in Klang Valley, Malaysia.

    METHODS: Postmenopausal women with (n = 20) and without osteoporosis (n = 20) were recruited for this study. Their bone health status was determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Their fasting blood was collected for proteomic analysis. A protein array was performed for four subjects randomly selected from each group to screen the potential cytokines. Three cytokines at least 20% different between groups and consistently expressed by each subject were selected for validation using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

    RESULTS: The protein array screening demonstrated that platelet-derived growth factor-BB, interleukin- 6 receptor (IL-6R), and tissue inhibitor of metallopeptidase-2 were higher in women with osteoporosis than women without osteoporosis (n = 4 per group), and consistently expressed by all women. Only body mass index (BMI)-adjusted logarithmically transformed IL-6R levels were lower among postmenopausal women with osteoporosis compared to women with normal bone health (p = 0.026) (n = 16 per group) in the ELISA test.

    CONCLUSION: IL-6R was lower among postmenopausal women with osteoporosis compared to women with normal bone health after adjusting for BMI. However, a large-scale epidemiological study with proteomic analysis needs to confirm the findings.

  14. Maitra S, Bhattacharya D, Paul S, Chowdhury PG, Mandal D, Haldar PK, et al.
    PMID: 36788687 DOI: 10.2174/1871530323666230213121803
    Programmed cell death protein 1 or Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) research have tremendously been taken into great consideration in the field of cancer immune pharmacology. Cancer immunotherapy has been convoyed by a capable outcome over the past few years. PD-1 and PD-L1 play a pivotal role in attenuating immune involvement, modulating the activity of T-cells, and promoting different types of programmed cell death. Participation of antigen-specific T cells and regulatory T cells and their acute mutations during cancer cell invasion and migration may lead to challenges for three programmed cell death methods, namely, pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis called "PANoptosis". This review aimed to explore the correlation between the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in "PANoptosis" using available recently published literature with several schematic representations. Hopefully, the review will facilitate the biomedical scientist targeting cancer immune pharmacological aspect for the management of Breast Adenocarcinoma shortly.
  15. Ekeuku SO, Chin KY, Mohd Ramli ES
    PMID: 36453484 DOI: 10.2174/1871530323666221130152737
    BACKGROUND: Piper sarmentosum (PS) is a traditional herb used by Southeast Asian communities to treat various illnesses. Recent pharmacological studies have discovered that PS possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Since oxidative stress and inflammation are two important processes driving the pathogenesis of bone loss, PS may have potential therapeutic effects against osteoporosis.

    OBJECTIVE: This review systematically summarised the therapeutic effects of PS on preventing osteoporosis and promoting fracture healing.

    METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed in November 2021 using 4 electronic databases and the search string "Piper sarmentosum" AND (bone OR osteoporosis OR osteoblasts OR osteoclasts OR osteocytes).

    RESULTS: Nine unique articles were identified from the literature. The efficacy of PS has been studied in animal models of osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy and glucocorticoids, as well as bone fracture models. PS prevented deterioration of bone histomorphometric indices, improved fracture healing and restored the biomechanical properties of healed bone in ovariectomised rats. PS also prevented osteoblast/osteocyte apoptosis, increased bone formation and mineralisation and subsequently improved trabecular bone microstructures and strength of rats with osteoporosis induced by glucocorticoids. Apart from its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, PS also suppressed circulating and skeletal expression of corticosterone and skeletal expression of 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 but increased the enzyme activity in the glucocorticoid osteoporosis model. This review also identified several research gaps about the skeletal effects of PS and suggested future studies to bridge these gaps.

    CONCLUSION: PS may be of therapeutic benefit to bone health. However, further research is required to validate this claim.

  16. Pang KL, Chin KY, Nirwana SI
    PMID: 36597600 DOI: 10.2174/1871530323666230103153134
    BACKGROUND: The immunomodulatory effects of plants have been utilised to enhance the immunity of humans against infections. However, evidence of such effects of agarwood leaves is very limited despite the long tradition of consuming the leaves as tea.

    OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the immuno-modulatory effects of agarwood leaf extract (ALE) derived from Aquilaria malaccensis using RAW264.7 murine macrophages.

    METHODS: In this study, RAW264.7 macrophages were incubated with ALE alone for 26 hours or ALE for 2 hours, followed by bacterial lipopolysaccharide for 24 hours. The nitrite and cytokine production (tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) expression in the macrophages were assayed.

    RESULTS: The study showed that ALE alone was immunostimulatory on the macrophages by increasing the nitrite, TNFα, and IL-6 production and COX2 expression (p<0.05 vs. untreated unstimulated cells). Pre-treatment of ALE suppressed nitrite level and iNOS expression but enhanced TNFα and IL-6 production and COX2 expression (p<0.05 vs. untreated lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated cells). ALE also increased IL-10 production regardless of LPS stimulation (p<0.05 vs. untreated cells).

    CONCLUSION: ALE was able to promote the immune response of macrophages by upregulating pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and COX2 expression. It also regulated the extent of the inflammation by reducing iNOS expression and increasing IL-10 levels. Thus, ALE may have a role in enhancing the innate immune system against infection; however, its validation from in vivo studies is still pending.

  17. Changkakoti L, Das JM, Borah R, Rajabalaya R, David SR, Balaraman AK, et al.
    PMID: 37937564 DOI: 10.2174/0118715303262824231024104849
    According to the World Health Organization (WHO), diabetes has been increasing steadily over the past few decades. In developing countries, it is the cause of increased morbidity and mortality. Diabetes and its complications are associated with education, occupation, and income across all levels of socioeconomic status. Factors, such as hyperglycemia, social ignorance, lack of proper health knowledge, and late access to medical care, can worsen diabetic complications. Amongst the complications, neuropathic pain and inflammation are considered the most common causes of morbidity for common populations. This review is focused on exploring protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated TGF-β regulation in diabetic complications with particular emphasis on allodynia. The role of PKC-triggered TGF-β in diabetic neuropathy is not well explored. This review will provide a better understanding of the PKC-mediated TGF-β regulation in diabetic neuropathy with several schematic illustrations. Neuroinflammation and associated hyperalgesia and allodynia during microvascular complications in diabetes are scientifically illustrated in this review. It is hoped that this review will facilitate biomedical scientists to better understand the etiology and target drugs effectively to manage diabetes and diabetic neuropathy.
  18. Jana S, Gayen S, Dasgupta B, Singha S, Mondal J, Kar A, et al.
    PMID: 37691221 DOI: 10.2174/1871530323666230907115818
    BACKGROUND: The medicinal plants of the Cucurbitaceae family, such as Solena heterophylla Lour. fruits, have significant ethnobotanical value and are readily accessible in North East India.

    AIM: We conducted a study on Solena heterophylla Lour. fruits to evaluate their anti-diabetic activity in vivo, standardize their HPTLC, and profile their metabolites using LC-QTOF-MS. We aimed to explore the molecular mechanism behind their effects on oxidative stress and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c).

    METHODS: Firstly, the ethyl acetate fraction of Solena heterophylla Lour. fruits was standardized using Cucurbitacin B as a standard marker by conducting HPTLC evaluation. Next, we delved into analyzing metabolite profiling. In addition, the standardized fraction was utilized in an experimental study to investigate the molecular mechanism of action in an in-vivo high-fat diet and a low dose of streptozotocin-induced diabetic model.

    RESULT: We have reportedly identified 52 metabolites in the ethyl acetate fraction of Solena heterophylla (EASH). In the in vitro tests, it has been observed that this extract from plants possesses notable inhibitory properties against α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Solena heterophylla fruits with high levels of Cucurbitacin B (2.29% w/w) helped lower FBG levels in animals with EASH treatment. EASH treatment reduced HbA1c levels and normalized liver lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme levels. SGOT, SGPT, and SALP serum enzyme levels also returned to normal.

    CONCLUSION: Based on the current evaluation, it was found that EASH exhibited encouraging hypoglycemic effects in diabetic rats induced by a low dose of STZ and high-fat diet, which warrants further investigation.

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