Traditionally, Korean leadership has been perceived as hierarchically authoritative, paternalistic,
nationalistic and as having group consciousness. Unlike western societies which promotes freedom
and human rights, Korean society has been dominated by values of obligation, duty and group
harmony. By focusing on the role of national leadership and Korean entrepreneurship, this paper
examines how the collectivist values have been incorporated into the national ideology, governance
principles as well as Korean management system. Park Chung Hee’s leadership and Korean chaebol
founders are the main subjects of discussion in this paper, since they have laid the foundations
of Korean industries as well as are well known for their collectivist characteristics. This study
shows that the collectivist values worked very well in the early industrialization process of Korea,
Korean industrial players were able to produce goods and services through relatively lower costs,
Korean economy entered into the stage of innovation-driven, the rigidity of the collectivist culture
began to undermine economic performance. In sum, collectivism worked well in the initial stages
of industrialization; however it has not guaranteed better innovation as what had been enjoyed in
western individualist cultures.
In 1994, the Government of Malaysia received 61.518 million yen to commence Kuala Lumpur
International Airport (KLIA) project. The airport is located in the district of Sepang, Selangor, which
was originally oil palm plantations and small villages. The construction project completed and began in
used in the 1998. This paper is to evaluate the impact of Japan's ODA for Malaysia, particularly yen
loan to socioeconomic. In term of socioeconomic impact, many new cities were established such as
Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi, Bandar Baru Nilai, Banting, Bandar Enstek and Cyber Jaya. Similarly, new
housing, schools, shopping malls and other facilities such as the Sepang International Circuit and
Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) were built. New roads connecting to the airport also completed
the development of these places. In terms of employment, previously many who depended on agriculture,
now turned to business, hospitality, services, transportation and others. In fact the huge investment
significantly affected the surrounding population, particularly the creation of modern towns, businesses
and educational centers which gave rise to various types of employment.
When Japan emerged as a global economic power, it increased its role in shaping
the development of the international community through bilateral and multilateral
economic cooperation. The history of Japanese ODA began after gaining its
independence from the United States in 1952. Japan began building its ODA
program beginning with the payment for war reparations as well as economic and
technical cooperation to Asian countries it formally colonised. Until the end of 2015
Japan was still actively adapting its ODA to support the process of socioeconomic
development of recipient nations. This article examines the evolution of Japanese
ODA from 1945 to 2015. This research is significant in assessing the disbursement
trend, the challenges and direction of Japanese ODA in the 21st century. There are
five time periods of analysis for the history and evolution of Japanese ODA, firstly
being that of Japan’s economic restructuring after the war from 1945 to 1953.
Throughout this time period Japan received aid from the United States and the
World Bank. The second period spans 22 years and is known as the quantitative
development and expansion of ODA from 1954 to 1976. This period was also known
as the war reparation period. Japan provided foreign assistance in the form of
reparation as well as economic and technical assistance to former colonies. The
third period was 14 years of systemic expansion from 1977 to 1991. Japan adapted
4 goals during this period in order to increase the amount of aid to recipient
countries. The fourth period was the development of ODA philosophy and policy
from 1992 to 2002. The global ODA charter was introduced in this period, aimed
to explain the Japanese ODA philosophy and promote its aid activities in line with
its foreign policy. Japan’s role could clearly be established during this period. The
last period, challenges in the new era of ODA, began in 2003 until the present time.
This was when the ODA charter was re-evaluated for the first time after 11 years
on August 23, 2003 in order to shape a more comprehensive global cooperation
policy. The re-evaluation of the charter was relevant as the global challenges has
increased Japan’s role and improved the relation between Japan and its aid
recipients.
Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) won the Lower House election in 2009 and became the
first party that defeated the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) in terms of the number of
seats. The DPJ controlled both chambers, the Upper and Lower House when it formed a
coalition government with the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and the People’s New Party
(PNP). However, the DPJ administration lasted merely three years and three months
stretching from September 2009 to December 2012. The DPJ was badly defeated in the
Lower House election in 2012, losing 75 percent of its seats. The party obtained only
57 out of 480 seats contested compared with the LDP that won 294 seats. Furthermore,
8 of the DPJ cabinet members were defeated in the electio, including the finance
minister. The former Prime Minister, Naoto Kan also lost his seat in the election, but he
was saved by the Proportional Representative (PR) election system. The objective of this
paper is to analyze the defeat of the DPJ in the Lower House elections in December 2012.
Researchers argue that the change of the electoral system in 1994 which aimed at elevating
the importance of manifestoes in the election as the main cause of the defeat of the party.
This paper examines the transformation of the Korean development model since the 1960s. The statedirected
capitalism that characterized the close liaison between government and business successfully
transformed Korea into an industrial powerhouse in the 1970s. Under the strong leadership of Park
Chung Hee, the Korean government picked industrial winners and promoted them with cheap capital
and protection to boost industrial productions and exports. This guided capitalism was very successful,
but the Korean government began to abandon the ideology and moved toward liberalism gradually since
1980s. Under the Chun Doo Hwan’s administration, the active role of the state in the economy was
reduced, allowing more freedom in the market. Then the government began to emphasize liberalizing
the economy for foreign goods, capital, and free operation of the market by minimizing government
control. After the 1997 financial crisis, promoting foreign direct investment into the country and signing
FTAs became important growth strategies for the Korean economy. It is believed that the neoliberalism
will continue to override the nation’s economic direction for welfare of the country.
This paper proposes a new multidimensional graphical model to monitoring the GDP
growth rates in real prices behavior and the GDP formation accumulation from any
country in the short and long run through the uses of “the Multi-Dimensional Radar
Mapping Model (MDRM- Model).” Hence, the MDRM-Model is based on the plotting of
different coordinates that represents a large number of GDP growth rates in real prices
on the top of a large number of perimeters. Each perimeter represents different periods
of time in our analysis. In our case, we are using the Multi-Dimensional Radar Mapping
coordinate system (MDRM-Coordinate System) to build the MDRM-Model respectively.
Moreover, the MDRM-Model can facilitate the visualization of different GDP growth rates
in real prices simultaneously in different periods of time (years) or spaces (countries) that
follows a logical order into the same graphical space. The MDRM-Model was applied on
the economies of People’s Republic of China (PRC) and U.S. to analyze the process of
GDP formation accumulation in the last past forty years in both economies.
Official socio-economic cooperation towards peace, stability, development and prosperity between ASEAN-Japan started with the Synthetic Rubber Forum in 1973. Facing various geopolitical challenges in 43 years, ASEAN-Japan cooperation has left a positive impact inthe development ofSoutheast Asianeconomy and society. Stimulated by projected trade growth and strong economicties,ASEAN and Japan continueto enjoy a close relationship built on the principle of ‘heart to heart’ through the Fukuda Doctrine of1997. Although ASEAN and Japan remainkey partners, the relationship has facedvarious challenges in the 21stcentury. Among the major challenges that affect relationsbetween Japan and ASEAN is the rise of China as a major power in the East Asian region. Economic cooperation being amajor aspect in the interaction of China and ASEAN hascreated economic competition between China and Japan in Southeast Asia. This research examinesJapan’s response toChina’seconomic incentives and initiatives towards ASEAN. Research shows that Japan’s responses includesFree Trade Agreement (FTA), development of infrastructure connectivity, and strategic partnership.
Studying in a foreign country is one of the ways to enhance students’ competencies in facingchallenges of global competitivenessand inbeingmarketablefor future career choices. This research investigatesthe impact of cross-cultural adaptation among Malaysian students (N=245) who enrolledin various universities in Japan.Quantitative method was used to examinechangesinthe following fivefactors: personal changes, cross-cultural awareness, cross-cultural interaction, global mindedness and intellectualdevelopment. The findings demonstratethat studyingabroad bringspositive outcomesin students’ personal development. Hence,student mobility isan invaluable experience and administrators shouldsupport and encourageyoung people to explore “real life” globally.
This article examinesMalaysia-South Korea economic relations during the period before Dr. Mahathir became the Malaysian Prime Minister in 1981. A great deal is known about Malaysia’s relationswith South Korea during Dr. Mahathir’s era, especially pertaining to his Look East Policy and how it benefited both countries. However, very little is known about the development of economicrelations prior to the Mahathir administration.Strong economic ties between both countries canbe traced beginning from Prime MinisterTun HusseinOnn’s era (1976-1981). InterestinglyKoreanslearnt from Malaysia’s experiencesin rural modernizationand this laterbecame the basis for the implementation ofSaemaul Undongin the 1960s.This article traces the origins of Malaysia-Korea economic relations from the 1960s until the end of Tun Hussein Onn’s era.It focuses on factors that influenced bilateral relations, reasons for establishing diplomatic ties and the role played by Tunku Abdul Rahman, Tun Razak and Tun Hussein Onn in strengthening bilateralties
This paper analyzes the bilateral ties of Kuala Lumpur-Beijing over four decades in the political, economic and socio-cultural fields. Firstly, the paper discusses the historical background of Malaysia-China informal relations from the Kingdom of Malacca; the British era; the early stages of Malaysia's independence; as well as the Cold War era. Secondly, the paper examines the beginnings of Kuala Lumpur-Beijing diplomatic relations from 1974 until the demise of the Malayan Communist Party in 1989. Thirdly, this is followed by an examination of bilateral developments between 1990 and 2008. The section analyzes the extent to which the principle of openness in Malaysian foreign policies was followed, cooperation within the framework of regionalism as well as how the rise of China's economic power has had positive impact on bilateral relations. More significantly, the paper then extends the discussion to Malaysia-China relations under Mohd Najib Abdul Razak which began in 2008 and ended with the advent of the new government of Pakatan Harapan in Malaysia in May 2018. Presently, Malaysia's foreign policy towards China is facing a revamp under Dr. Mahathir Mohamad’s leadership. Yet the paper argues that the current government’s action enhances comprehensive cooperation, particularly in the political and economic spheres.