The most common cause of visual impairment around the world is refractive error. Therefore, it is important to have reliable prevalence data and distribution of refractive error data from population-based surveys for planning on cost-effective programs. Thus, can reduces risk of visual impairment and blindness. The aim of this study is to report the baseline prevalence of refractive error among rural district area Lampuuk Beach community due to lack of population-based data on refractive error from Acheh. The visual acuity and refractive error were measured on 46 subjects within the age of 8 to 57 years old (mean age 32.89 ± 14.95). The spherical equivalent of the refractive error was calculated, and a descriptive data was analysed. Demographic data showed that there were 25% male and 21% female. The results show across all ages, higher incidence of emmetrope was found in 26% followed by combination 10%, hyperopia 8% and myopia 2%. Kids age group contributes the highest frequency of emmetrope which is 100% followed by teen and adolescent group which are 80% and 41.9% accordingly. In conclusion, the visual impairment was not caused by refractive error in rural district population of Lampuuk Beach, Acheh.
Background: Astigmatism is one of the most common type of refractive errors. There are several techniques can be used to measure astigmatism with the most commonly is Jackson Cross Cylinder (JCC). In addition, there are several targets available to be used with JCC such as cluster dots and a single letter on the Snellen chart. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of using cluster dots and a single letter target on the amount of cylindrical power and axis measured with JCC and investigate the most preferred target by the observer.
Method: 100 eyes were tested with the age ranged from 18 to 35 years old (M=22; SD=4). Distance visual acuity (VA) was measured by using projected Snellen chart followed by objective (retinoscopy) and subjective refractions. Subjective refraction was performed twice using both the cluster dots and a single letter (of one line larger than the best VA) to measure cylindrical power and axis. Subjects were also asked for their preferred target at the end of the examination.
Results: Results showed no significant difference in both cylindrical power (cluster dots: M=0.56DC, SD=0.50; single letter: M=0.55DC, SD=0.50) (p=0.973) and axis (cluster dots: M=100o, SD=68o; single letter: M=105o, SD=66o) (p=0.379) obtained using different targets. 66% of the participants have chosen cluster dots as their preferred target, followed by 24% of the participants preferred the single letter target and the remaining 10% had no preference.
Conclusion: Measurement of cylindrical power and axis using JCC was comparable between cluster dots and single letter target. Future study comparing this effect on different degrees and types of astigmatism may be conducted to investigate if this result applies to all degrees and types of astigmatism.
The Invasive Tear Break Up Time (TBUT) and Non-invasive Tear Break Up Time (NIBUT) is compared. Invasive TBUT was measured after the instillation of fluorescein on the tarsal conjunctiva and assessed with Slit Lamp Biomicroscopy (SLB), whereas the NIBUT was measured using the Oculus Keratograph 5M (OK5M). The OK5M was invented to overcome the limitation of most other non-invasive method which results in inter-examiner variability. In measuring the NIBUT, the OK5M presents two measurements, NIKf-BUT (the first break up area in second) and NIKav-BUT (the average break up area in second). Hence, the difference between these two measurements was also determined. The result obtained from SLB and OK5M were compared to determine the agreement between these two methods. 50 subjects (30 females, 20 males) were selected among the IIUM Kuantan population. The result showed a significant difference (p
Evidence suggests that high exposure to the hazards is among the most important factors causing ocular injuries and visual problems at the workplace. Individual studies show variations in prevalence, but high prevalence is reported in Asian countries. Very little is currently known about ocular injuries and visual problems of workers in construction industries in Malaysia. This study was conducted to determine the factors causing the ocular injuries and visual problems of the construction workers. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional study using purposive sampling method on 385 (770 eyes) workers. The comprehensive ocular assessment was done by using Reichert Portable Slit Lamp and a questionnaire was designed to ascertain the environmental hazards and behavior factors. Out of 770 eyes examined, 42.5% (n=327 eyes) had ocular injuries. The chemical, tools and dust exposures were among the major causes of ocular injuries and visual problems to the construction workers. There were significant differences found between the occurrence of ocular injuries to chemical (p=0.002), tools (p=0.005) and dust exposure (p=0.050). Poor knowledge on personal protective eyeglasses (PPE) (62.9%, n=242), low compliancy to wearing PPE (48.3%, n=186) and poor awareness on the environmental ocular hazards (47.0%, n=181) were observed. Our finding indicates that high prevalence of ocular injuries among construction workers, and the need to improve on the awareness, closed monitoring of occupational safety and health and identification for visual rehabilitation and return to work program
Coronaviruses were discovered in the mid-1960s then at 2002 in Foshan, China a new virus discovered to cause a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) then at 2012 another strain was identified in Saudi Arabia causing the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). In December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) emerged to spread as pandemic. Being a series of the same family, the current research aimed to compare the characteristics of COVID-19 in relation to SARS and MERS regarding the origin and genomic structure, mode of transmission, distribution of cases along the world countries, infectivity and mortality rates together with the clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment.
This study aims to determine the refractive error status of Orang Asli children and Malay-Jawa children in Kuala Langat, Selangor. Visual acuity was measured using LEA chart, followed by dry static retinoscopy which the testing eye fogged with 2.00D, and the contralateral eye fogged with 6.00D to determine the refractive errors. The inclusion criteria encompassed all children in the selected village. The exclusion criteria included children who were already on ophthalmology follow-up for known ocular conditions and refused visual acuity assessment or eye examination. In total, 103 ‘Orang Asli’ and 107 normal population children aged 3 to 13 years received refractive assessments. Approximately 18% of reported cases were myopia, 43% were hyperopia, while 39% were emmetropia. Results showed that the ‘Orang Asli’ population was more hyperopic than the Malay-Jawa (U = 4893.500, P > 0.05, r = 0.14). However, both groups were found more hyperopic compared to myopic conditions. In conclusion, both Orang Asli and Malay-Jawa in Kuala Langat, Selangor are more hyperopic and less myopic. This study suggests that refractive error screening is important for preventing visual impairment among children in rural areas.
Current trend shows that the eye modelling is based on the emmetropic eye taken its ocular optical components value from the population-based studies. However, no studies have been done to study the effect of aberration of myopic refractive error by modelling the eye using the parameters from ocular biometrics and ray tracing method. The objective of the present study was to determine the spot diagram (SPD) profile of myopic refractive error using eye modelling and ray tracing technique. Three eye models had been successfully modeled in Zemax software, namely, emmetropic Liou and Brennan, myopic Liou and Brennan, corrected myopic Liou and Brennan. The optical performance of the eye models were tested using the SPD profile. The ray distribution from the analysis of SPD of myopic Liou and Brennan eye was larger compared to the emmetropic model. In comparison with the emmetropic Liou and Brennan model, for the blue wavelength, the RMS spot radius for the corrected version was increased. However, the RMS values were decreased for green and red wavelengths. For the corrected myopic version of Liou and Brennan, in comparison with its emmetropic model, the Airy disc diameter increased with the increment of wavelengths. It was found that the Airy disc diameter accuracy were higher for the blue, green and red wavelengths. Although the accuracy values were in a positive sign, for Airy disc diameter, the smaller value indicates a diffraction-limited condition.
Abnormal intraocular pressure (IOP) if left untreated it can lead to glaucoma and permanent vision loss. However, the correlation between IOP and body weight status, sodium intake, and blood pressure (BP) are unclear among adolescents. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the relationship between body weight status, sodium intake, and BP with IOP among orang Asli adolescents. A total sample of 50 adolescents of Orang Asli aged 13 to 17 participated in this study. Three days' dietary intake was recorded through 24-hour diet recall to determine the sodium intake. The questionnaire was administered to acquire socio-demographic information, and measurements Body Mass Index (BMI) and BP were done according to standard protocols, and IOP was measured using Tonopen. Data obtained involving 40% boys and 60% girls. Two boys (4%) were underweight, 13 boys (26%) and 17 (34%) girls were normal weight, 4 (8%) boys and 11 (22%) girls were overweight, 1 (2%) boy and 2 (4%) girls were obese. Sixty percent of subjects have exceeded the Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (LOAEL) of 2300 mg of sodium intake. Hypertension stage 1 was found higher than hypertension stage 2 in male and female subjects, with 38% of the female have stage 1 hypertension compared to only 14% in male subjects. 98% of subjects have normal IOP and only 2% of subjects have high IOP. There was a significant association between BMI and IOP (p
The composition of ophthalmic preparation is administered topically to the eye in the form of a solution, suspension, ointment, gel or foam for the purpose of treating eye disease. Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) has been one of the desired ingredients of choice, as its benefits as functional food oil is known among the public. The uniqueness of coconut oil is its fats and oils that contain the highest percentage of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA), which have antimicrobial properties, such as lauric acid and capric acid. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of eye drop containing a different VCO concentration using the Kirby-Bauer test. The formulation of eye drop had 1.5%, 2% and 3% amount of virgin coconut oil, which was later added with all basic materials needed for eye drop. The samples were evaluated for its zone of inhibition (ZOI). The antimicrobial effects of eye drop formulation that contains 3% of VCO (F3) against Streptococcus pneumonia were similar with all control products (Eye Glo, Pred Forte, Cationorm), and antimicrobial effects of F3 against Staphylococcus aureus are better than Cationorm. It is noticeable that the higher the VCO content in the formulation, the better the antimicrobial effects of the eye drop. In conclusion, VCO possesses moisture, anti-inflammation, better anti-microbial properties, and it could be further formulated as a stable eye drop emulsion.
Diabetes mellitus is a condition of increase glucose concentration in blood plasma. Complication of diabetes mellitus are progressive and leads to several changes on ocular surface. Lack of data focusing on changes in ocular surface among early detect diabetes. Therefore, the aim of the study is to focus on the prevalence of changes in Meibomian glands, tear films and crystalline lens among early detect diabetes type 2. A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted to assess the grading of Meibomian glands, number of expressible glands, Tear-break up time (TBUT), schirmer’s test I , and crystalline lens in 100 eyes of 50 patients who has type 2 diabetes less than 5 years. Demographic information , medical and ocular history was recorded. Data was entered on SPSS version 25- descriptive analysis. The mean ± standard deviation for age was 51.08 ± 8.708 and the years of diabetes was 3.14 ± 1.498. The results stated, more people has MGD grade 1 with percentage of 39% . Besides, TBUT test has mean ± SD of 4.74 ± 1.404 and tear production with mean of 15.1± 8.650. There were 54% more patients has no changes on crystalline lens. Approximately, high prevalence in changes of Meibomian gland, and tear film while low prevalence on changes of crystalline lens among shorter duration diabetic patients.
The importance of vitamin A and Zinc has been a major concern due to their deficiency among children. This research aimed to investigate the association of vitamin A and zinc intake with visual acuity among Orang Asli children in Semenyih, Selangor. The total subjects involved were 94, consisting of boys, and girls aged 8-12 years old. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to determine the level of vitamin A and zinc intake. A Bailey-lovie chart test was used to determine the visual acuity. Vitamin A intake was highest among boys aged 8-9 years old (720 ± 324 mg). The mean intake of zinc, was lowest among boys aged 10-12 years old (4.42 ± 1.00 mg) and highest among girls aged 8-9 years old (5.04 ± 1.14 mg). The prevalence of abnormal visual acuity was 24%, which was equivalent to 23 subjects from the overall sample, consisting of boys and girls with a value of 0.50 Dioptric spherical equivalence (DSE). Findings from the research show that vitamin A and Zinc intake have a significant association with Visual acuity (p
Colour vision assessment in low vision children remains as a big challenge to clinician. The current available colour vision (CV) tests are not friendly administered to low vision (LV) children and CV test is not part of vision screening in school children. This study was conducted to pilot a new way of assessing LV children’s colour status. A modified technique was compared to the standard of AO HRR (American Optical Hardy Rand Rittler) and D15 (Farnsworth D15) colour vision tests available in the market. A total of 15 subjects were participated in this study with the (Mean age: 10.0; SD: 2.204) with majority of (46.7%) age range of 7-9 years old. A total of 100% of the subjects participated accordingly to the instruction given and the examination were continue to assess throughout the data collection. Out of 15 students, 80% (n=12) students shows positive outcome for modified method under psychological characteristics control. Out of 12 students, 100% of students (n=12), fixate their eyes while testing both the standard and modified AO HRR, 60% (n=7) were happy with standard method, 73.3% (n=9) were happy with modified method, and 53.3% (n=6) answered correctly to standard method and 66.7% (n=8) to modified AO HRR testing method. 93.3% students (n=11), fixate their eyes while testing standard D15 method, and 100% (n=12) fixate in modified method. 80% (n=10) were happy with standard method, 73.3% (n=9) were happy with modified method, and 67.7% (n=8) answered correctly for both standard and modified D15 testing method. Using Child Affective Facial Expression (CAFÉ) set, the low vision children’s expression were assessed. The psychological characteristics of AO HRR and Farnsworth D15 for standard and modified colour vision testing method is p = 0.003 and p = 0.007 respectively. Both the testing method shows a significant relationship with no difference, but low vision children’s psychological characteristics is much controlled in modified testing method.
This study aimed compares the reliability of subjectively graded real-image pterygium based on its translucence appearance between experienced clinicians. Thirty (30) primary pterygium images from 30 pterygium patients were captured in a standardized magnification, illumination and formatting setting as previously described. All images were projected using PowerPoint presentation™ on liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor with standard resolution. Two experienced clinicians act as a grader and grade all images based on reference images provided. For reliability testing, intra-grader assessment was repeated twice with different sequence at least a month apart between each session. Both clinicians were given a set of 30 randomized pterygium images for all sessions. Reliability testing were evaluated using paired T-test and independent T-test. Descriptive analysis revealed observer 1 obtained mean grade of 2.33 (SD = 0.758) and 2.30 (SD = 0.837) for session 1 and 2 respectively. Observer 2 obtained 2.30 (SD = 0.702) and 2.17 (SD = 0.791) for session 1 and 2 respectively. Paired T-test results showed the difference for both observers were not statistically significant for both observer 1 and 2 (P = 0.662 and P = 0.293) respectively. Reproducibility testing using Independent T-test results showed the difference between observers was not statistically significant (P = 0.769). Subjectively graded pterygium clinical grading based on its translucence appearance was repeatable and reproducible. These findings could serve as basis for future work on to evaluate performance of pterygium clinical grading based on its morphology with different level of experience and larger number of samples.
Depressive disorder is a prevalent psychiatric disorder, which affects 21% of the world population. Study revealed that by 2020, depressive disorder will be the top disability disease in the world. The treatment involving drugs can impose a various side effects including cardiac toxicity, hypopieasia, sexual dysfunstion, body weight gain, and sleep disorder. During the last decade, there is a growing interest on the use of natural products for mental disorders treatment. In this study, Pogostemon cablin benth was use to examine its antidepressant activity. Antidepressant activity of aqueous extract of Pogostemon cablin benth (AEPCB) on rat n = 6 was investigated by using Forced swimming test, Tail suspension test and rotarod apparatus test models. Fluoxetine was used as reference standards. AEPCB at the dose of 2000 mg has no toxic to rat orally. It has been observed from the study that AEPCB at higher concentration from 250 mg, 500 mg, and 750 mg showed significant (p
The present study was carried out to evaluate the possible synergistic interaction on the antibacterial and antioxidant efficacy of Nigella sativa and Syzygium aromaticum extracts. The antibacterial combination effect was evaluated against acne bacteria (Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus) through the disc diffusion test by Kirby-Bauer method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and checkerboard assay. The antioxidant activity was evaluated through DPPH free radical scavenging by spectrophotometric assay. Total phenolic content (TPC) was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Results showed that the extraction of Nigella sativa and Syzygium aromaticum possessed a high phenolic content, which were 101.0 mg GAE/g and 83.7 mg GAE/g respectively. Meanwhile, the DPPH test showed that the percentage of radical scavenging activity increased gradually in accordance with the concentration of extracts used, and the IC50 of Nigella sativa and Syzygium aromaticum were 1.4 mg/mL and 4.5 mg/mL respectively. Both extracts showed moderate antibacterial activities with the inhibition zone ranging from 17.0 to 21.0 mm for Nigella sativa and 16.0 to 19.0 mm for Syzygium aromaticum. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for both extracts were within the value of 9.04 – 18.6 mg/mL for Nigella sativa while the minimum bactericidal concentrations ranged from 18.06 – 37.5 mg/mL. The combination of both plant extracts produced an indifferent effect against Staphylococcus aureus (∑FIC = 1.5) and Propionibacterium acnes (∑FIC = 4.0). The results provide evidence that the combination of Nigella sativa and Syzygium aromaticum has a significant potential as a source of safe and effective natural antibacterial and antioxidant agent in the pharmaceutical industry. Furthermore, an extensive study would be able to identify the bioactive compounds, mode of action and toxic effect in vivo of Nigella sativa and Syzygium aromaticum.
This study aimed compares the reliability of subjectively graded real-image pterygium based on its translucence appearance between experienced clinicians. Thirty (30) primary pterygium images from 30 pterygium patients were captured in a standardized magnification, illumination and formatting setting as previously described. All images were projected using PowerPoint presentation™ on liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor with standard resolution. Two experienced clinicians act as a grader and grade all images based on reference images provided. For reliability testing, intra-grader assessment was repeated twice with different sequence at least a month apart between each session. Both clinicians were given a set of 30 randomized pterygium images for all sessions. Reliability testing were evaluated using paired T-test and independent T-test. Descriptive analysis revealed observer 1 obtained mean grade of 2.33 (SD = 0.758) and 2.30 (SD = 0.837) for session 1 and 2 respectively. Observer 2 obtained 2.30 (SD = 0.702) and 2.17 (SD = 0.791) for session 1 and 2 respectively. Paired T-test results showed the difference for both observers were not statistically significant for both observer 1 and 2 (P = 0.662 and P = 0.293) respectively. Reproducibility testing using Independent T-test results showed the difference between observers was not statistically significant (P = 0.769). Subjectively graded pterygium clinical grading based on its translucence appearance was repeatable and reproducible. These findings could serve as basis for future work on to evaluate performance of pterygium clinical grading based on its morphology with different level of experience and larger number of samples.
Visual functions deteriorate gradually during the normal aging process. As the number of older population increase rapidly, it is important to educate the senior citizens about the nature of age-related visual functions deterioration and their underlying mechanisms. This literature review compiles all the information concerning the changes in the visual system due to aging process, including: decrease of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, reduction of orientation discrimination sensitivity and motion direction detection, decline of binocular summation; information processing; visual field sensitivity; wavelength sensitivity; pupil size, and increased tear film evaporation and presbyopia.
Eye tracking is a technology used to track and record what the human eye perceives. It has been applied in detecting visual field loss, determining infant’s preferential looking and virtual reality therapy. In reading tasks, eye tracking needs to be accurate because even a substantial head movement can affect its fixation accuracy; as such, using a headrest can minimise head movements and the associated fixation errors. This experimental study was conducted to determine the effect of headrest usage on eye tracker fixation accuracy during reading aloud activity by comparing a group with headrest and a group without it. The results showed that the difference between the two groups was significant (p=0.004), where the headrest group and non-headrest group introduced a mean fixation error of 30.728 ± 15 mm and 17.671 ± 9 mm respectively. Eye tracking accuracy for the headrest group was then compared with a standard value of 0.6 degrees. The findings showed that the accuracy was significantly different (p
Introduction: The purpose of the study was to compare the size of visual field in horizontal and vertical, peripheral retinal sensitivity at mid- and far-peripheral temporal viewing using different sizes of stimuli between football athletes and age-gender matched non-athlete subjects. Methods: The participants comprised 9 experienced male football (23.44 ± 2.74 years) players and the control group comprised 9 age-matched male non-athletes (23.33 ± 2.96 years). The parameters were measured using Oculus Twinfield automated perimeter. Horizontal and vertical size of visual field was measured using manual kinetic strategy. The mid-peripheral (60deg) and far-peripheral (90deg) temporal retinal sensitivity in different sizes of stimuli were measured using manual static strategy. The measurement of each test was repeated three times, and then the most reliable value was taken from the three readings. Results: The results from athletes and non-athletes did not differ in regards to peripheral visual attention in all measured parameters (p>0.05). However, athletes group showed slightly better results than non-athletes group. Conclusions: Improved visual performance in selected parameters among athlete group in this study supports previous studies with hypothesis of visual skill in athletes is better compared to non-athletes.
The difference of lower tear meniscus height (TMH) value between invasive and non-invasive techniques is under explained. This study aims to compare the value of lower TMH between Oculus keratograph 5M (OK5M) and anterior segment digital imaging (ASDI) using slit lamp with iPhone6 video recorder attached. The totals of twenty participants with 40 eyes were involved in this cross-sectional study. Right and left eyes from an individual were considered separately. Instillation of fluorescein sodium was applied on the ASDI technique only. Three measurements of TMH were taken from each methods and average were calculated and recorded. Independent sample t-test was used to analyze the data and it was found that the mean of the TMH measurement from the ASDI (0.42 ± 0.11 mm) was higher than the mean from the OK5M (0.25 ± 0.06 mm). The comparison between two methods was significant (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study suggested that the higher TMH in ASDI was resulted by the effect of fluorescein and together with local climate.