Displaying all 17 publications

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  1. Zakaria ZA, Sulaiman MR, Somchit MN, Jais AM, Ali DI
    J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2005;8(2):199-206.
    PMID: 16124931
    To determine the involvement of nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO/cGMP) pathway in aqueous supernatant of haruan (Channa striatus) fillet (ASH) antinociception using the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction test.
  2. Jalil NJ, Bannur Z, Derahman A, Maskon O, Darinah N, Hamidi H, et al.
    J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2015;18(3):474-83.
    PMID: 26517138
    PURPOSE:   Enzymes potentially responsible for the pharmacokinetic variations of aspirin include cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A6) and P450 (CYP) (CYP2C9). We therefore aimed to determine the types and frequencies of variants of COX-1 (A-842G), UGT1A6 (UGT1A6*2; A541G and UGT1A6*3; A522C) and CYP2C9 (CYP2C9*3; A1075C) in the three major ethnic groups in Malaysia. In addition, the role of these polymorphisms on aspirin-induced gastritis among the patients was investigated.

    METHODS: A total of 165 patients with cardiovascular disease who were treated with 75-150 mg daily dose of aspirin and 300 healthy volunteers were recruited. DNA was extracted from the blood samples and genotyped for COX-1 (A-842G), UGT1A6 (UGT1A6*2 and UGT1A6*3) and CYP2C9 (CYP2C9*3; A1075C) using allele specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR).

    RESULTS: Variants UGT1A6*2,*3 and CYP2C9*3 were detected in relatively high percentage of 22.83%, 30.0% and 6.50%, respectively; while COX-1 (A-842G) was absent. The genotype frequencies for UGT1A6*2 and *3 were significantly different between Indians and Malays or Chinese. The level of bilirubin among patients with different genotypes of UGT1A6 was significantly different (p-value < 0.05). In addition, CYP2C9*3 was found to be associated with gastritis with an odd ratio of 6.8 (95 % Cl OR: 1.39 - 33.19; P = 0.033).

    CONCLUSION: Screening of patients with defective genetic variants of UGT1A6 and CYP2C9*3 helps in identifying patients at risk of aspirin induced gastritis. However, a randomised clinical study of bigger sample size would be needed before it is translated to clinical use.

  3. Teh LK, Selvaraj M, Bannur Z, Ismail MI, Rafia H, Law WC, et al.
    J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2016;19(1):147-60.
    PMID: 27096699 DOI: 10.18433/J38G7X
    PURPOSE: The importance of HLA-B*15:02 genotyping to avoid carbamazepine induced SJS/TEN and molecular modeling to predict the role of HLA-B*15:0 and AEDs induced SJS/TEN are investigated.

    METHODS: DNA was extracted from eighty-six patients. The patients were genotyped by AS-PCR. Computational modeling of the HLA-B*15:02 followed by docking studies were performed to screen 26 AEDs that may induce ADR among HLA-B*15:02 carriers.

    RESULTS: Odd ratio for CBZ induced SJS/TEN and HLA-B*15:02 was 609.0 (95% CI: 23-15873; p=0.0002). Molecular modeling studies showed that acetazolamide, ethosuxiamide, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone and sodium-valproate may induce ADR in HLA-B*15:02 carriers alike CBZ. Conclusion. We confirmed HLA-B*15:02 as a predictor of SJS/TEN and recommend pre-screening. Computational prediction of DIHR is useful in personalized medicine.

  4. Zahari Z, Lee CS, Ibrahim MA, Musa N, Mohd Yasin MA, Lee YY, et al.
    J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2016;19(1):127-36.
    PMID: 27096697 DOI: 10.18433/J3NS49
    PURPOSE: This study compared pain sensitivity among opioid dependent patients on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) and opioid naive subjects.

    METHODS: The three hundred participants comprised 152 opioid naive subjects and 148 opioid dependent patients. Opioid naive subjects had not taken any opioids including morphine and methadone to their best knowledge and were presumed so after two consecutive negative urine screenings for drugs. All opioid dependent patients were stabilized in treatment, defined as having been enrolled in the program for more than one month with no change of methadone dosage over the past one month. Excluded from the study were individuals with chronic or ongoing acute pain and individuals with a history of analgesics ingestion within 3 d before the cold pressor test (CPT). Pain tolerance to CPT was evaluated at 0 h, and at 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h post-methadone dose.

    RESULTS: Patients exhibited a significantly shorter mean pain tolerance time of 34.17 s (95% CI 24.86, 43.49) versus 61.36 (52.23, 70.48) [p < 0.001] compared with opioid naive subjects. Time-dependent mean pain tolerance was also significantly different when naive subjects were compared to patients (p = 0.016).

    CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed hyperalgesia amongst patients on MMT, as manifested by their quicker hand withdrawal. The complaints of pain in this population should not be underestimated and the pain should be evaluated seriously and managed aggressively.

  5. Khan TA, Peh KK
    J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2003 Jan-Apr;6(1):20-6.
    PMID: 12753727
    To investigate the wound healing efficacy of two chitosan films, Chit-AA and Chit-LA, in comparison with a commercial preparation, Omiderm, using punch biopsy wounds in rats.
  6. Peh K, Khan T, Ch'ng H
    J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2000 Sep-Dec;3(3):303-11.
    PMID: 11177648
    To investigate the suitability of chitosan films prepared using two different solvents, acetic acid (Chitosan-AA) and lactic acid (Chitosan-LA), for wound dressing, in comparison with a commercial preparation, Omiderm.
  7. Tan YT, Peh KK, Al-Hanba O
    J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2001 Jan-Apr;4(1):7-14.
    PMID: 11302785
    To investigate the interpolymer complexation between Carbopol 934P (CP) and various grades of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) (K90, K32, C15, and VA/S-630).
  8. Khan TA, Peh KK, Ch'ng HS
    J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2002 Sep-Dec;5(3):205-12.
    PMID: 12553887
    To investigate and compare the effect of three analytical methods, hydrogen bromide titrimetry (HBr titrimetry), infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy), and first derivative UV-spectrophotometry (FDUV-spectrophotometry) in the determination of degree of deacetylation (DD) of chitosan.
  9. Peh KK, Wong CF
    J Pharm Pharm Sci, 1999 May-Aug;2(2):53-61.
    PMID: 10952770
    To investigate the suitability of an SCMC (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/polyethylene glycol 400/carbopol 934P) and an HPMC (hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose/polyethylene glycol 400/carbopol 934P) films as drug vehicle for buccal delivery.
  10. Bahadoran A, Moeini H, Bejo MH, Hussein MZ, Omar AR
    J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2016 Jul-Sep;19(3):325-338.
    PMID: 27806247 DOI: 10.18433/J3G31Q
    PURPOSE: In order to enhance cellular uptake and to facilitate transdermal delivery of DNA vaccine, polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers conjugated with HIV transactivator of transcription (TAT) was developed.

    METHODS: First, the plasmid DNA (pIRES-H5/GFP) nanoparticle was formulated using PAMAM dendrimer and TAT peptide and then characterized for surface charge, particle size, DNA encapsulation and protection of the pIRES-H5/GFP DNA plasmid to enzymatic digestion. Subsequently, the potency of the TAT-conjugated dendrimer for gene delivery was evaluated through in vitro transfection into Vero cells followed by gene expression analysis including western blotting, fluorescent microscopy and PCR. The effect of the TAT peptide on cellular uptake of DNA vaccine was studied by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. Finally, the ability of TAT-conjugated PAMAM dendrimer for transdermal delivery of the DNA plasmid was assessed through artificial membranes followed by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry.

    RESULTS: TAT-conjugated PAMAM dendrimer showed the ability to form a compact and nanometre-sized polyplexes with the plasmid DNA, having the size range of 105 to 115 nm and a positive charge of +42 to +45 mV over the N/P ratio of 6:1(+/-).  In vitro transfection analysis into Vero cells confirms the high potency of TAT-conjugated PAMAM dendrimer to enhance the cellular uptake of DNA vaccine.  The permeability value assay through artificial membranes reveals that TAT-conjugated PAMAM has more capacity for transdermal delivery of the DNA compared to unmodified PAMAM dendrimer (P<0.05).

    CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that TAT-conjugated PAMAM dendrimer is a promising non-viral vector for transdermal use.This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see "For Readers") may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue's contents page.
  11. See HQ, Chan JN, Ling SJ, Gan SC, Leong CO, Mai CW
    J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2018;21(1):217-221.
    PMID: 29935548 DOI: 10.18433/jpps29869
    Big data is anticipated to have large implications in clinical pharmacy, in view of its potential in enhancing precision medicine and to avoid medication error. However, it is equally debatable since such a powerful tool may also disrupt the need of pharmacist in healthcare industry. In this article, we commented the contribution of Big Data in various aspects of clinical pharmacy including advancing pharmaceutical care service, optimising drug supplies, managing clinical trials, and strengthening pharmacovigilance. The future direction of the usage of Big Data related to clinical pharmacy will be discussed. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see "For Readers") may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue's contents page.
  12. Md Insiat Islam Rabby
    J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2020;23(1):58-64.
    PMID: 32251618 DOI: 10.18433/jpps31002
    PURPOSE: SARS-CoV-2 first emerged in China in December 2019 and rapidly spread worldwide. No vaccine or approved drug is available to eradicate the virus, however, some drugs that are indicated for other afflictions seems to be potentially beneficial to treat the infection albeit without unequivocal evidence.   The aim of this article is to review the published background on the effectiveness of these drugs against COVID-19 Methods: A thorough literature search was conducted on recently published studies which have published between January 1 to March 25, 2020. PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases were searched Results: A total 22 articles were found eligible. 8 discuss about treatment outcomes from their applied drugs during treatment of COVID-19 patients, 4 report laboratory tests, one report animal trial and other 9 articles discuss recommendations and suggestions based on the treatment process and clinical outcomes of other diseases such as malaria, ebola, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). The data and/or recommendations are categorized in 4 classes: (a) anti-viral and anti-inflammatory drugs, (b) anti-malaria drugs, (c) traditional Chinese drugs and (d) other treatments/drugs.

    CONCLUSION: All examined treatments, although potentiality effective against COVID-19, need either appropriate drug development or clinical trial to be suitable for clinical use.

  13. Dong AN, Tan BH, Pan Y, Ong CE
    J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2021;24:94-112.
    PMID: 33626316 DOI: 10.18433/jpps31305
    Since the discovery of its role in vitamin D metabolism, significant progress has been made in the understanding of gene organisation, protein structure, catalytic function, and genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 2R1 (CYP2R1). Located on chromosome 11p15.2, CYP2R1 possesses five exons, unlike most other CYP isoforms that carry nine exons. CYP2R1 crystal structure displays a fold pattern typical of a CYP protein, with 12 a-helices as its structural core, and b-sheets mostly arranged on one side, and the heme buried in the interior part of the protein. Overall, CYP2R1 structure adopts a closed conformation with the B' helix serving as a gate covering the substrate access channel, with the substrate vitamin D3 occupying a position with the side chain pointing toward the heme group. In liver, CYP2R1 25-hydroxylates vitamin D and serves as an important determinant of 25(OH)D level in the tissue and in circulation. While substrate profile has been well studied, inhibitor specificity for CYP2R1 requires further investigation. Both exonic and non-exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been reported in CYP2R1, including the CYP2R1*2 carrying Leu99Pro exchange, and a number of non-exonic SNPs with variable functional consequences in gene regulation. A non-exonic SNP, rs10741657, has its causal relationship with diseases established, including that of rickets, ovarian cancer, and multiple sclerosis. The role of other CYP2R1 SNPs in vitamin D deficiency and their causal link to other traits however remain uncertain currently and more studies are warranted to help identify possible physiological mechanisms underlying those complex traits.
  14. Rahman A, Nik Mohamed MH, Mahmood S
    J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2021;24:200-209.
    PMID: 33909555 DOI: 10.18433/jpps31243
    PURPOSE: Evidence for the complete nicotine cessation is inadequate among electronic cigarettes (ECs) single users (SUs, use only ECs), and dual users (DUs, use both ECs and conventional cigarettes (CCs). The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the nicotine cessation among SUs and DUs who used ECs over one year.

    METHODS: We observed 70 SUs and 148 DUs for 52 weeks and tested their exhaled carbon monoxide and saliva cotinine to confirm their complete nicotine cessation status through cotinine in saliva. Safety issues were to be identified through self-report. Smoking cessation, CCs reduction of ≥ 50%, and relapsed to CCs smoking and safety issues were also documented.

    RESULTS: The nicotine cessation rate was higher in SUs then DUs (15.9% vs. 6.8%; P = 0.048; 95% CI (2.328-0.902). A similar result for smoking cessation (34.8% SUs vs. 17.1% DUs; P = 0.005; 95% CI: 2.031-0.787), whereas CCs ≥ 50% reduction was 23.3% DUs vs 21.7% SUs (P = 0.863; 95% CI :1.020-0.964). Relapse to CC smoking was 47.3% in DUs versus 30.4% in SUs (P = 0.026; 95% CI: 1.555-0.757). The adverse effects reported were coughing and breathing problems, whereas craving smoking was documented as a major withdrawal symptom. Smoking-related diseases were also identified, five in DUs and two in SUs, during the one-year study period.

    CONCLUSIONS: Study showed SUs achieved higher complete nicotine and smoking cessation rates as compared to DUs. However, the rates of reduced CC use were not different between both the groups. No serious adverse effects related to the sole use of ECs were detected. However, the safety of the sole use of ECs in absolute terms needs to be further validated in different populations.

  15. Ibrahim NH, Maruan K, Mohd Khairy HA, Hong YH, Dali AF, Neoh CF
    J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2017;20(1):397-406.
    PMID: 29145934 DOI: 10.18433/J3NW7G
    PURPOSE: To systematically review studies on cost-effectiveness of implementing Antimicrobial stewardship programmes (ASP) in the hospital setting.

    METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed using electronic databases, such as EMBASE, PubMed/Medline, CINAHL, NHS and CEA Registry from 2000 until 2017. The quality of each included study was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Economic Evaluations and Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards Statement checklist.

    RESULTS: Of the 313 papers retrieved, five papers were included in this review after assessment for eligibility. The majority of the studies were cost-effectiveness studies, comparing ASP to standard care. Four included economic studies were conducted from the provider (hospital) perspective while the other study was from payer (National Health System) perspective. The cost included for economic analysis were as following: personnel costs, warded cost, medical costs, procedure costs and other costs.

    CONCLUSIONS: All studies were generally well-conducted with relatively good quality of reporting. Implementing ASP in the hospital setting may be cost-effective. However, comprehensive cost-effectiveness data for ASP remain relatively scant, underlining the need for more prospective clinical and epidemiological studies to incorporate robust economic analyses into clinical decisions. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see "For Readers") may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue's contents page.

  16. Tan BH, Pan Y, Dong AN, Ong CE
    J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2017;20(1):319-328.
    PMID: 29145931 DOI: 10.18433/J3434R
    In vitro and in silico models of drug metabolism are utilized regularly in the drug research and development as tools for assessing pharmacokinetic variability and drug-drug interaction risk. The use of in vitro and in silico predictive approaches offers advantages including guiding rational design of clinical drug-drug interaction studies, minimization of human risk in the clinical trials, as well as cost and time savings due to lesser attrition during compound development process. This article gives a review of some of the current in vitro and in silico methods used to characterize cytochrome P450(CYP)-mediated drug metabolism for estimating pharmacokinetic variability and the magnitude of drug-drug interactions. Examples demonstrating the predictive applicability of specific in vitro and in silico approaches are described. Commonly encountered confounding factors and sources of bias and error in these approaches are presented. With the advent of technological advancement in high throughput screening and computer power, the in vitro and in silico methods are becoming more efficient and reliable and will continue to contribute to the process of drug discovery, development and ultimately safer and more effective pharmacotherapy. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see "For Readers") may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue's contents page.
  17. Beshir SA, Yap LB, Sim S, Chee KH, Lo YL
    J Pharm Pharm Sci, 2017;20(1):365-377.
    PMID: 29145930 DOI: 10.18433/J3TP9Q
    PURPOSE: To assess the predicted rate and the factors associated with bleeding events among patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) receiving dabigatran therapy.

    METHODS: This retrospective cohort study includes adult patients of two tertiary hospitals in Malaysia. Potential study subjects were identified using pharmacy supply database or novel oral anticoagulant (NOAC) registry. Demographics, clinical data and laboratory test results were extracted from the medical records of the patients or electronic databases. The main outcome measure is the occurrence of a bleeding event. Bleeding events were classified into major bleeding, clinically relevant non-major bleeding, or minor bleeding, according to the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis criteria. We consider clinically relevant non-major bleeding events or major bleeding events as clinically relevant bleeding events. An occurrence of any bleeding event was recorded from the initiation of NOAC therapy until the death of a patient, or the date of permanent discontinuation of NOAC use, or the last day of data collection. The predicted rate of dabigatran-induced bleeding events per 100 patient-years was estimated.

    RESULTS: During a median follow-up period of 18 months, 73 patients experienced 90 bleeding events. Among these patients, 25 including 4 fatal cases, experienced major bleeding events. The predicted rate per 100 patient-years of follow-up of any bleeding events was 9.0 [95% CI 6.9 to 11.1]; clinically relevant bleeding events 6.0 [95% CI 4.8 to 8.3], and major bleeding events 3.0 [95% CI 1.9 to 4.2]. The independent risk factor for clinically relevant bleeding events is prior bleeding. While prior bleeding or congestive heart failure is linked with major bleeding events.

    CONCLUSIONS: The predicted rate for dabigatran-induced major bleeding episodes is low but these adverse events carry a high fatality risk. Preventive measures should target older patients who have prior bleeding or congestive heart failure. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see "For Readers") may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue's contents page.

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