Five patterns of dyadic foreign conflict behavior were delineated for 1963. The first of these patterns was negative communications, which accounted for patterns, violence intensity, and warning and defensive acts, marked the general decrease in military activity from 1966 to 1963. The most militant conflict behavior in 1963 was that of China to Taiwan and Taiwan to China. There were a number of warning and defensive acts, most noteworthy being those of Indonesia to Malaysia and Malaysia to Indonesia. Negative sanctions and unofficial incidence of violence were the most stable patterns of foreign conflict behavior between 1966 to 1963, each accounting for about ten percent of foreign conflict behavior. The United States was involved in a number of sanctions directed against Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Russia, and South Vietnam. The unofficial incidents of violence occurred most frequently in the less developed, smaller nations, and were frequently directed against major world powers. The negative communication pattern characterized the primary behavior of the major world powers.
Researchers have long been aware of the mathematics of factor indeterminacy. Yet, while occasionally discussed, the phenomenon is mostly ignored. In metrology, the measurement discipline of the physical sciences, uncertainty - distinct from both random error (but encompassing it) and systematic error - is a crucial characteristic of any measurement. This research argues that factor indeterminacy is uncertainty. Factor indeterminacy fundamentally threatens the validity of psychometric measurement, because it blurs the linkage between a common factor and the conceptual variable that the factor represents. Acknowledging and quantifying factor indeterminacy is important for progress in reducing this component of uncertainty in measurement, and thus improving psychological measurement over time. Based on our elaborations, we offer a range of recommendations toward achieving this goal.