METHODS: Cross-sectional study at the University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur. Subjects underwent subjective refraction, then automated refraction, and finally Netra smartphone-based refraction. All results were converted to power vectors (M, J0 and J45) and were analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA and Bland-Altman plots. Sensitivity and specificity were determined. The best cut-off points were determined from ROC curve analysis. P  .05), but those between automated and subjective refraction were (0.06 vs 0.11 and 0.07 vs -0.02, p = .004 and p