METHODS: We used the Public Attitudes Toward Epilepsy (PATE) scale, including its Japanese version (PATE-J), to survey 113 Japanese and 130 Malaysian participants. Demographic data and PATE scores were compared using t-tests and χ² tests. Covariance analysis (ANCOVA) was conducted to adjust for potential confounding factors such as age and education level.
RESULTS: No significant differences were found in PATE total scores (P = 0.484), general domain (P = 0.101), or personal domain (P = 0.217) between Japan and Malaysia. However, after adjusting for age and education using ANCOVA, education significantly influenced the general domain (F = 4.512, P = 0.012) and total scores (F = 3.302, P = 0.038), while country (F = 7.191, P = 0.008) and age (F = 6.633, P = 0.011) were significant for the personal domain. Malaysian participants were significantly younger (P