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Low energy, low latency and high speed array divider circuit using a shannon theorem based adder cell

Senthilpari C, Diwakar K, Singh AK

Recent Pat Nanotechnol, 2009;3(1):61-72.
PMID: 19149756

The paper discuss the design of 1-bit full adder circuit using Shannon theorem. This proposed full adder circuit is used as one of the circuit component for implementation of Non- Restoring and Restoring divider circuits. The proposed adder and divider schematics are designed by using DSCH2 CAD tool and their layouts are generated by Microwind 3 VLSI CAD tool. The divider circuits are designed by using standard CMOS 0.35 microm feature size and corresponding power supply 3.5 V. The parameters analyses are carried out by BSIM 4 analysis. We have compared the simulated results of the Shannon based divider circuit with CPL and CMOS adder cell based divider circuits. We have further compared the results with published results and observed that the proposed adder cell based divider circuit dissipates lower power, gives faster response, lower latency, low EPI and high throughput.
Electrodeposited Ge Nanostructures Prepared by Different Non-Aqueous Solutions and their Application in Lithium Ion Battery: A Review

Nadarajah K, Khan AF, Rahim NA

Recent Pat Nanotechnol, 2016;10(1):26-43.
PMID: 27018271

BACKGROUND: Germanium (Ge) nanostructures exhibit wide range of potential applications in the field of nanoscale devices due to their excellent optical and electrical properties and have gained significant interest due to the Bohr exciton radius. Bohr radius of Ge (24.3 nm) is larger than that of Si (4.9 nm), leading to quantum size effects and nanostructures with controllable bandgaps.
METHODS: This article provides a comprehensive review on various electrolytes for electrodeposition procedures developed to obtain the Ge nanostructures of desired structure, diameter, and density. We discuss the growth mechanisms and influence of different parameters such as type of solution, concentration, and value of applied potential or current density.
RESULTS: The ionic liquids can be used for the development of Ge nanostructures and provide extensive electrochemical windows for electrodeposition. The obtained SixGe1-x structures also exhibited strong color change (from red to blue) at room temperature during the electrodeposition, which is likely to be due to a quantum size effect.
CONCLUSION: The main advantages of the ionic liquids are 'it does not decompose', easy to purify and dry. Moreover, it exhibits fairly extensive electrochemical windows greater than 5 V for electrodeposition. Electrodeposition of SixGe1-x nanostructures from ionic liquids is quite a favorable process. The 3DOM Ge electrode is a promising material for nextgeneration lithium ion battery because of its high irreversible specific capacity. Few relevant patents to the topic have been reviewed and cited.
Nanostructured SnO2-Ge Multi-layer thin Films with Quantum Confinement Effects for Solar Cell

Khan AF, Sajjad W, Rahim NA

Recent Pat Nanotechnol, 2016;10(1):77-82.
PMID: 27018275

BACKGROUND: It is well-known that multi-layer films with nanostructure can give novel properties by interfacial phenomenon and quantum confinement effects. Nanostructured multi-layer thin films are presently being analyzed for their vast applications in the area of optoelectronics technology particularly photovoltaics. Hereof, two dimensional thin films with nanostructure are of prime importance due to their structure dependent optical, electrical, and opto-electronic properties. It has been revealed that these films exhibit quantum confinement effects with band gap engineering. The main focus of the research is to evaluate the effect on structural and optical properties with number of layers.
METHODS: Nanostructured SnO2-Ge multi-layer thin films were fabricated using electron beam evaporation and resistive heating techniques. Alternate layers of SnO2 and Ge were deposited on glass substrate at a substrate temperature of 300 °C in order to obtain uniform and homogeneous deposition. The substrate temperature of 300 °C has been determined to be effective for the deposition of these multi-layer films from our previous studies. The films were characterized by investigating their structural and optical properties. The structural properties of the as-deposited films were characterized by Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS) and Raman spectroscopy and optical properties by Ultra-Violet-Near infrared (UV-VIS-NIR) spectroscopy.
RESULTS: RBS studies confirmed that the layer structure has been effectively formed. Raman spectroscopy results show that the peaks of both Ge and SnO2 shifts towards lower wavenumbers (in comparison with bulk Ge and SnO2, suggesting that the films consist of nanostructures and demonstrate quantum confinement effects. UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy showed an increase in the band gap energy of Ge and SnO2 and shifting of transmittance curves toward higher wavelength by increasing the number of layers. The band gap lies in the range of 0.9 to 1.2 eV for Ge, while for SnO2, it lies between 1.7 to 2.1 eV.
CONCLUSION: Analysis of results suggests that the nanostructured SnO2-Ge multi-layer thin film can work as heterojunction materials with quantum confinement effects. Accordingly, the present SnO2-Ge multi-layer films may be employed for photovoltaic applications. Few relevant patents to the topic have been reviewed and cited.
Impacts of Secondary Mixed Monomer on Properties of Thin Film Composite (TFC) Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membranes: A Review

Origomisan JO, Lau WJ, Aziz F, Ismail AF

Recent Pat Nanotechnol, 2021;15(2):105-124.
PMID: 33059573 DOI: 10.2174/1872210514666201014152621

Polyamide (PA) Thin-Film Composite (TFC) membranes are widely used for large-scale water and wastewater treatment processes worldwide owing to their good balance between water permeability and dissolved solutes separation rate. The physicochemical properties of the cross-linked PA layer are the main criteria determining the filtration performance of the resultant TFC membrane, and this selective layer can be created through Interfacial Polymerization (IP) between two immiscible active monomers, i.e., amine monomer in aqueous solution and acyl chloride monomer in organic solution. This patent review article intends to provide insights to researchers in fabricating improved properties of TFC membranes through the utilization of secondary monomers during IP process. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review that gives a state-of-the-art account of the subject matter by emphasizing the impacts of secondary monomers (both amine and acyl chloride monomers) on the properties of conventional TFC membranes for nanofiltration and reverse osmosis applications. Our review indicated that the introduction of secondary monomers into either aqueous or organic solution could alter the physical and chemical properties of PA layer, which led to variations in membrane filtration performance. Nevertheless, more research is still required, as most of the secondary monomers reported in the literature did not overcome the membrane trade-off effect between permeability and selectivity. The subject of improved PA layer development is a multi-disciplinary study that requires researchers with different backgrounds (e.g., materials science, chemistry, physics and engineering) to work together.
Nanosuspensions - An Update on Recent Patents, Methods of Preparation, and Evaluation Parameters

Khanuja HK, Awasthi R, Mehta M, Satija S, Aljabali AAA, Tambuwala MM, et al.

Recent Pat Nanotechnol, 2021;15(4):351-366.
PMID: 33357187 DOI: 10.2174/1872210514666201224103010

BACKGROUND: Nanosuspensions are colloidal systems consisting of pure drug and stabilizers, without matrix or lyophilized into a solid matrix. Nanosuspensions improve the solubility of the drug both in the aqueous and organic phases. Nanosuspensions are also known as brick dust molecules, as they increase the dissolution of a system and improve absorption.
METHODS: Extensive information related to nanosuspensions and its associated patents were collected using Pub Med and Google Scholar.
RESULTS: Over the last decade nanosuspensions have attracted tremendous interest in pharmaceutical research. It provides unique features including, improved solubility, high drug loading capacity, and passive targeting. These particles are cost-effective, simple, and have lesser side effects with minimal dose requirements. However, the stability of nanosuspensions still warrants attention.
CONCLUSION: Nanosuspensions play a vital role in handling the numerous drug entities with difficult physico-chemical characteristics such as solubility and can further aid with a range of routes that include nasal, transdermal, ocular, parenteral, pulmonary etc. This review highlights the relevance of nanosuspensions in achieving safe, effective and targeted drug delivery.
Nanoneuroscience: Cutting-edge Approach for Disease Management

Malhotra S, Jain N, Rathee J, Kaul S, Nagaich U, Pandey M, et al.

Recent Pat Nanotechnol, 2024;18(2):256-271.
PMID: 38197418 DOI: 10.2174/1872210517666230403105152

Neurological disorders (ND) have affected a major part of our society and have been a challenge for medical and biosciences for decades. However, many of these disorders haven't responded well to currently established treatment approaches. The fact that many active pharmaceutical ingredients can't get to their specified action site inside the body is one of the main reasons for this failure. Extracellular and intracellular central nervous system (CNS) barriers prevent the transfer of drugs from the blood circulation to the intended location of the action. Utilizing nanosized drug delivery technologies is one possible way to overcome these obstacles. These nano-drug carriers outperform conventional dosage forms in many areas, including good drug encapsulation capacity, targeted drug delivery, less toxicity, and enhanced therapeutic impact. As a result, nano-neuroscience is growing to be an intriguing area of research and a bright alternative approach for delivering medicines to their intended action site for treating different neurological and psychiatric problems. In this review, we have included a short overview of the pathophysiology of neurological diseases, a detailed discussion about the significance of nanocarriers in NDs, and a focus on its recent advances. Finally, we highlighted the patented technologies and market trends, including the predictive analysis for the years 2021-2028.