Human development is a dynamic process impacted by numerous ecological systems, such as microsystems, mesosystems, ecosystems, and macrosystems. Ecological systems theory stresses several individuals in a person's environment, i.e., the researcher and the subject or the leader and individual. Leaders are significant to human development by managing values such as empathy, responsibility, participation, and democratic leaders. They should be consistent, reliable, and dependable in forming relations with unconditionally supportive followers. The Ecological Systems Model of Human Research and Development posits a combined leadership theory involving transformational and transactional models to enhance integrated human development. This methodology can create more stable, innovative, and productive organizations, eventually reflecting all stakeholders' wellness and prosperity. The theory of wholeness under Gestalt theory promotes leaders' adoption of integrative policies. Through evaluating roles, changing settings, grasping people's path of growth, and developing interventions in alignment with people's values and organizational agendas, leaders may navigate such systems and create lasting competitive advantage. The ecological systems model of human development is critical for leaders to comprehend and navigate the intricate dynamics of environmental systems and their influence on human development. Extending this research may traverse new horizons of HRD to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. Clinical trial number Not applicable.
This review aims to establish the cognitive processing of patients with attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) across age. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies on children and adult populations were conducted, thus delineating deficits that could have been maintained and ameliorated across age. This allowed for the examination of the correlation between patterns of brain activation and the corresponding development of functional heterogeneity in ADHD. A systematic literature search of fMRI studies on ADHD was conducted using the PubMed and Scopus electronic databases based on PRISMA guidelines. References and citations were verified in Scopus database. The present study has identified 14 studies on children, 16 studies on adults, and one study on both populations of ADHD consisting of 1371 participants. Functional heterogeneity is present in ADHD across age, which can manifest either as different brain activation patterns, intra-subject variability, or both. This is shown in the increased role of the frontal regions and the specialized network in adults with ADHD from inefficient non-specific activation in childhood. Functional heterogeneity may manifest when delayed maturation is insufficient to normalize frontal lobe functions.