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Awareness and knowledge of breast cancer and mammography among a group of Malaysian women in Shah Alam

Al-Dubai SA, Qureshi AM, Saif-Ali R, Ganasegeran K, Alwan MR, Hadi JI

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2011;12(10):2531-8.
PMID: 22320951

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess awareness and knowledge of breast cancer and mammography among Malaysian women in Shah Alam.
METHODS: This cross sectional study was conducted among 250 Malaysian women. Data were collected using a self administrated questionnaire which included questions on socio-demographic data, knowledge of breast cancer and awareness of mammography.
RESULTS: Mean age of respondents was 28 ± 9.2 with 69.2% aged 18 to 29 years. The majority had heard about breast cancer (81.2%) and indicated books, magazines and brochures as their source of information (55.2%). However, most did not know about signs and symptoms of breast cancer and many of its risk factors. On multivariate analysis, significant predictors of breast cancer knowledge were age, race, marital status, level of education, occupation, family size and family history of other cancers (p<0.05). Fifty percent of women were aware of mammography, significant predictors being age, occupation, marital status and knowledge of breast cancer (p<0.05).
CONCLUSION: Most women were aware of breast cancer. However, the knowledge about signs and symptoms of breast cancer and awareness of mammography were inadequate. It is recommended that the level of knowledge should be raised among Malaysian women, particularly in the less educated young.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammography/psychology*
Attitudes toward mammography: questionnaire psychometric properties

Pahlevan Sharif S, Abaeian V, Khanekharab J

Int J Health Care Qual Assur, 2018 Jun 11;31(5):391-399.
PMID: 29865960 DOI: 10.1108/IJHCQA-02-2017-0026

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the Persian version of the Attitude toward Breast Cancer Screening Procedures Scale (ABCSPS) among Iranian women. Design/methodology/approach In this methodological study, 1,000 Iranian women completed a demographic questionnaire and the 14-item Persian ABCSPS. The scale's construct validity was evaluated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Internal consistency and reliability were assessed using Cronbach's α and McDonald's coefficient ω. Findings The exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor solution accounting for 55.1 percent of the variance. The two-factor measurement model had a good fit with all factor loadings greater than 0.5, which were statistically significant. The results showed good reliability and internally consistency ( α=0.767 and 0.872; ω =0.979 and 0.997). Moreover, model structure was invariant across different income groups. Originality/value The Persian ABCSPS translation demonstrated good validity and reliability among Iranian women. The results also showed that the scale had a multidimensional structure. Regarding proper psychometric properties, the validated scale can be used in future studies as a reliable and relevant breast cancer screening attitude measure.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammography/psychology*
Fulltext Changing Health Beliefs about Breast Cancer Screening among Women in Multi-Ethnic Malaysia

Htay MNN, Dahlui M, Schliemann D, Cardwell CR, Loh SY, Ibrahim Tamin NSB, et al.

Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2022 Jan 30;19(3).
PMID: 35162641 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031618

This study evaluated the impact of the 'Be Cancer Alert' mass media campaign for breast cancer (BCAC-BC) in terms of changes to women's health beliefs regarding BC susceptibility and the benefits and barriers of breast cancer screening in Malaysia. Pre- and post-campaign surveys evaluated changes in health beliefs among women aged 40 years and above (n = 676). The perceived susceptibility to breast cancer was significantly higher at follow-up (mean ± SD: 7.30 ± 2.77 vs. 7.63 ± 2.58, p = 0.008) whereas the mean score for the perceived benefits of undertaking screening was high at baseline and follow-up (16.34 ± 2.36 vs. 15.95 ± 2.07, p = 0.001). The perceptions or beliefs about barriers to screening did not change significantly (31.70 ± 8.26 vs. 31.77 ± 7.63, p = 0.841). Regression analyses indicated that mean scores for the barriers subscale were significantly lower among Chinese women (-2.61, 95% CI -4.67, -0.55, p = 0.013) compared to Malay, and among single compared to married women (-2.40, 95% CI -4.60, -0.21, p = 0.032) after adjustment for other demographic variables and past screening history. Malaysian women appeared to already have positive perceptions before the BCAC-BC mass media campaign about the benefits of BC screening. However, the campaign appeared to be linked to both an increased awareness of the susceptibility to breast cancer and to positive beliefs that countered emotional barriers to screening, particularly among single women and Chinese-Malay women.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammography/psychology
Fulltext Knowledge and behavior regarding breast cancer screening among female teachers in Selangor, Malaysia

Parsa P, Kandiah M, Mohd Zulkefli NA, Rahman HA

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2008 Apr-Jun;9(2):221-7.
PMID: 18712963

A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the knowledge and practices of 425 female secondary school teachers from 20 selected secondary schools in Selangor, Malaysia on breast cancer screening (BCS). A self-administered, structured questionnaire was used for data collection. This study showed moderate to low knowledge on breast cancer (BC) and BCS among teachers. Only 19%, 25% and 13.6% eligible women performed breast self-examination (BSE), clinical breast examination (CBE) and mammography respectively, on a regular basis. Level of breast cancer knowledge was significantly associated with BSE (p<0.001). Having heard/ read about BCS, and regular visit with a physician were associated with BCS behaviors (P<0.05). There was no association between BCS behaviors (P>0.05) and age, family history of breast cancer, marital status or having health insurance. Efforts are needed to increase knowledge and remove misconceptions about breast cancer and screening practices among Malaysian women.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammography/psychology
Breast screening and health issues among rural females in Malaysia: how much do they know and practice?

Dahlui M, Gan DE, Taib NA, Lim JN

Prev Med, 2013;57 Suppl:S18-20.
PMID: 23276776 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.12.010

OBJECTIVE:
This study investigated rural women's knowledge of breast cancer and screening methods by ethnicity and examined the predictors of breast screening methods.

METHODS:
A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2011 in five rural districts of Perak; 959 women were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. ANOVA and regression analysis were used in data analysis.

RESULTS:
Women below 50 years old, of Malay ethnicity and who had secondary education scored better than those older, of Chinese ethnicity and had primary education (p<0.001). The uptake of breast self-examination (BSE), clinical breast examination (CBE) and mammogram was 59%, 51% and 6.8%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed knowledge of breast cancer and CBE as top predictors of BSE, being married and knowledge of breast cancer as top predictors for CBE; and CBE as the top predictor of mammography uptake. Support from husbands and family members for breast cancer screening was a predictor for CBE and BSE.

CONCLUSION:
Knowledge of breast cancer and its screening uptake varies by ethnicity, location and the type of support received. Efforts and approaches to improve the women's knowledge of breast cancer and its screening uptake therefore should be customized to address the different influencing factors.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammography/psychology
Fulltext Validity and Reliability of Health Belief Model Questionnaire for Promoting Breast Self-examination and Screening Mammogram for Early Cancer Detection

Che Mohamed N, Moey SF, Lim BC

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2019 09 01;20(9):2865-2873.
PMID: 31554389 DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.9.2865

Background: Early detection of breast cancer is essential in improving overall women’s health. The researchers
sought to develop a comprehensive measure that combined the basic components of the health belief model (HBM)
with a focus on breast self-examination (BSE) and screening mammogram amongst women. Methods: Questionnaire
items were developed following a review of relevant literature of HBM on BSE and screening mammogram. The
sampling frame for the study was Malaysian women aged 35 to 70 years old, living in Kuantan, Pahang and able to
read or write in Bahasa Malaysia or English. As such, 103 women were randomly selected to participate in the study.
Tests of validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and reliability were subsequently performed to determine the
psychometric properties of the questionnaire. Results: The EFA revealed nine factors (self-efficacy of mammogram,
perceived barriers of BSE and mammogram, perceived susceptibility of breast cancer, perceived severity of breast
cancer, cues to action for mammogram screening, perceived benefits of BSE, health motivation, perceived benefits
of mammogram and self-efficacy of BSE) containing 54 items that jointly accounted for 74.2% of the observed
variance. All nine factors have good internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.8. Fifty-four items remained in
the final questionnaire after deleting 13 problematic items. The scale also showed good convergent and discriminant
validity. Conclusion: The findings showed that the designed questionnaire was a valid and reliable instrument for the
study involving women in Kuantan, Pahang. The instrument can help to assess women’s beliefs on BSE adoption and
mammogram screening in health care practice and research.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammography/psychology*
Fulltext The Relationship of Health Beliefs on the Stage of Mammography Behavior Adoption amongst Women in Kuantan, Pahang

Ramli HA, Moey SF, Abdul Mutalib AM

Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2019 06 01;20(6):1913-1920.
PMID: 31244318 DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2019.20.6.1913

Background: Breast cancer (BC) awareness is relatively poor among Malaysian women indicated by the presence of BC at a late stage and the low rate of mammography screening. Only a few theoretically based studies have been conducted on Malaysian women’s participation in mammography. Therefore, the objective of this study is to use health belief model (HBM) and stage of change model (SCM) to determine the relationship between health beliefs on the behavioral adoption of mammography amongst women in Kuantan, Pahang. Methods: Five hundred and twenty women were randomly selected to complete the survey. Data were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression (MLR) to ascertain the multivariate relationships between health beliefs and stage of mammography behavioral adoption. Results:
The MLR test indicates that there is no significant difference in perceived severity, benefits, motivator factors and cues to action between participants in the action stage and the maintenance stage. However, significant differences existed in perceived severity, susceptibility, motivator factors and self-efficacy between the pre-contemplation, relapse and contemplation stage to that of the referenced (maintenance) stage of mammography adoption. Conclusion: Women in the action stage are more likely to progress towards maintenance stage as they perceived breast cancer as a disease that leads to death and that mammogram screening is beneficial in detecting the disease at an early stage. However, women in the pre-contemplation, relapse and contemplation stage are found unlikely to move towards the maintenance stage as they perceived their risk of getting breast cancer is low.

Matched MeSH terms: Mammography/psychology*