A drug interaction is a condition in which two or more drugs are taken at the same time. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a significant contributor to polypharmacy. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are often prescribed in combination with metformin or DPP-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin) or a combined dose of metformin and DPP-4 inhibitor to treat gastritis in diabetic patients. This review article mainly focused on evaluating the potential drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between PPIs (i.e. esomeprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole) with metformin and PPIs with DPP-4 inhibitors. The findings demonstrated the existence of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic DDIs between the aforementioned PPIs with metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors, which could impact the biological activities (i.e., hypoglycemia) of these drugs. Moreover, this review suggested that esomeprazole could be the best drug in the PPI group to be prescribed simultaneously with metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors, as most of the antidiabetic drugs of this study did not show any interaction with esomeprazole. The findings of this study also revealed that both antidiabetic drugs and PPIs could have positive interactions as PPIs have the potential to lessen the gastrointestinal side effects of metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors. To achieve the greatest therapeutic impact with the fewest side effects, careful dose control of these drugs is required. So, more extensive research on both human and animal subjects are needed to ascertain the veracity of this hypothesis.
Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. is described as a valuable medicinal plant in various popular systems of medicine. The aim of the experiment reports the in vivo antiulcer activity of methanol extract of Blumea lacera (MEBLL) and in silico studies of bioactive constituents of MEBLL. In this study, fasted Long-Evans rat treated with 80 % ethanol (0.5 mL) to induce gastric ulcer, were pretreated orally with MEBLL at different doses (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o., b.w) and omeprazole (20 mg/kg, p.o.) and distilled water were used as a reference drug and normal control respectively. In silico activity against gastric H+-K+ATPase enzyme was also studied. The findings demonstrated that the treatment with MEBLL attenuated markedly ulcer and protected the integrity of the gastric mucosa by preventing the mucosal ulceration altered biochemical parameters of gastric juice such total carbohydrate, total protein and pepsin activity. Additionally, the experimental groups significantly (p