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Severe complications induced by experimental bacterial superinfection of orf lesions

Zamri-Saad M, Roshidah I, al-Ajeeli KS, Ismail MS, Kamarzaman A

Trop Anim Health Prod, 1993 May;25(2):85-8.
PMID: 8236484

Twelve goats about 3 months of age were divided into 4 equal groups. Goats in Groups 1 and 2 were infected with orf virus followed by Corynebacterium pyogenes infection of Groups 1 and 3, 3 days after the first appearance of orf lesions. Goats in Group 4 were uninfected controls. Complicated orf lesions which consisted of wet suppurative scabs around the entire lips were observed in goats in Group 1. The lesions persisted for 24 days but were most severe from days 8 to 13. Goats in Group 2 developed lesions typical of orf virus infection that lasted 10 days, while goats in Group 3 developed small nodules of about 1 cm diameter, 48 hours following the introduction of C. pyogenes, which persisted for only 6 days. No lesion was observed in goats in Group 4. Two goats in Group 1 with complicated orf died after 16 and 22 days respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Superinfection/microbiology; Superinfection/pathology; Superinfection/veterinary*
Effect of subclinical Eimeria species infections in tropical goats subsequently challenged with caprine Haemonchus contortus

Rahman WA

Vet Rec, 1994 Mar 05;134(10):235-7.
PMID: 8197681

Fourteen goat kids of the local indigenous breed naturally infected with Eimeria species were divided into two equal groups. The first group was superinfected with 500,000 Eimeria species oocysts and the second group was treated with amprolium. Sixty days later both groups were infected with 5000 third-stage caprine Haemonchus contortus larvae. The goats experimentally superinfected with eimeria shed more H contortus eggs and gained weight more slowly.

Matched MeSH terms: Superinfection/veterinary*
Fulltext A Multicultural Demographic Study to Analyze Antibiotic Prescription Practices and the Need for Continuing Education in Dentistry

Karobari MI, Khijmatgar S, Bhandary R, Krishna Nayak US, Del Fabbro M, Horn R, et al.

Biomed Res Int, 2021;2021:5599724.
PMID: 34327231 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5599724

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to understand and analyze the prescription patterns of dentists across various demographic locations for managing oral infections and pain with antibiotics and explore the evidence-based practices by clinicians as well as the need for further education. Materials and methods. This cross-sectional study was carried out using an online questionnaire framed to explore the knowledge, attitude, and practices among dentists with varying levels of experience and qualifications, regarding antimicrobial prescription. The questions were validated from previous published studies that explored the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) with respect to antimicrobial prescription. In total, N = 300 of dentists from four different countries responded to the online questionnaire out of which 53% were specialists while 47% were general dentists. After data collection, descriptive analysis was carried out along with a one-sided hypothesis test to depict the power of the sample.
RESULTS: It was seen from the results of the study that the first-choice antibiotics for 67.8% of dentists were found to be the β-lactam group while sulfonamides and tetracyclines at 20% were the second most prescribed group. Another important finding was that 45.6% of dentists ignored hypersensitivity testing before prescription of antibiotics even though 83.3% of the total dentists interviewed were aware of the increase in antibiotic resistance.
CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the dentists are partially aware of the guidelines but need further training and education on antimicrobial prescription that enables evidence-based decision-making for better practices and outcomes.

Matched MeSH terms: Superinfection/drug therapy
Fulltext Targeting bladder cancer stem cells using Newcastle disease virus

Arcana Thirumorthy, De-Ming Chau, Khatijah Yusoff, Abhi Veerakumarasivam

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(108):24-24.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Bladder cancer is associated with high risk of tumour recurrence and therapeutic resistance. Cancer stem cells (CSC) within a particular tumour are postulated to drive tumorigenesis and influence tumour behaviour. Recent studies have shown that Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is able to selectively kill and exert a strong oncolytic effect against various cancer types. However little is known about the oncolytic effect of NDV against CSC. In this study, the oncolytic effect of NDV against putative bladder CSC was examined. Methods: Putative bladder CSC was selectively grown in the form of 3D-spheroids from six different bladder cancer cell lines. The spheroid cells were characterised for their stemness properties to ensure that these cells truly represent CSC. This was conducted via the analysis of CSC associated genes and cell surface markers expression. Subsequently, the oncolytic effect of the wild-type NDV-AF2240 strain against the bladder cancer spheroids was investigated. Results: All the spheroids expressed significantly high levels of CSC-associated genes. Flow-cytometry analysis revealed that the expression pattern of the CSC-associated surface markers was different in the spheroid cells; suggesting heterogeneity in the expression signatures of these cells. The infection of spheroids with NDV showed that the NDV was able to target bladder cancer spheroids but there was a spectrum of response across the different spheroids. Intriguingly, NDV was able to persistently infect bladder cancer spheroids that were not sensitive towards NDV infection as the presence of NDV viral genes were detected in the spheroid cells. The NDV persistently infected bladder cancer spheroids were resistant to superinfection and developed an antiviral state by expressing low levels of interferon-beta (IFN-b). NDV persistency of infection affects the process of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells as the spheroid forming ability of an established NDV persistently infected bladder cancer cell line, EJ28-PI was shown to be impaired. The EJ28-PI cells expressed significantly high levels of the EN2 gene. Knockdown of the EN2 expression reduced the viability of EJ28-PI cells; suggesting a role for EN2 in mediating NDV persistency of infection in cancer cells. Conclusion: Bladder CSC gene expression signatures influence the efficacy of NDV-mediated oncolysis. Our current work is focused on identifying genes and signalling pathways that influence NDV-mediated oncolysis us-ing whole-transcriptomic sequencing. The findings of this study can potentially be used to enhance the efficacy of NDV-mediated oncolysis and accelerate the translation of NDV as an oncotherapeutic agent in the clinic.

Matched MeSH terms: Superinfection
Fulltext Measles: a disease often forgotten but not gone

Leung AK, Hon KL, Leong KF, Sergi CM

Hong Kong Med J, 2018 Oct;24(5):512-520.
PMID: 30245481 DOI: 10.12809/hkmj187470

Measles (rubeola) is a highly contagious vaccine-preventable disease caused by the measles virus-a virus of the Paramyxoviridae family. The illness typically begins with fever, runny nose, cough, and pathognomonic enanthem (Koplik spots) followed by a characteristic erythematous, maculopapular rash. The rash classically begins on the face and becomes more confluent as it spreads cephalocaudally. Laboratory confirmation of measles virus infection can be based on a positive serological test for measles-specific immunoglobulin M antibody, a four-fold or greater increase in measles-specific immunoglobulin G between acute and convalescent sera, isolation of measles virus in culture, or detection of measles virus ribonucleic acid by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Complications occur in 10% to 40% of patients, and treatment is mainly symptomatic. Bacterial superinfections, if present, should be properly treated with antibiotics. To eradicate measles, universal childhood immunisation and vaccination of all susceptible individuals with measles vaccine would be ideal. In developed countries, routine immunisation with measles-containing vaccine is recommended, with the first and second doses at ages 12 to 15 months and 4 to 6 years, respectively. The World Health Organization recommends that the first and second doses of measles-containing vaccine be given at ages 9 months and 15 to 18 months, respectively, in countries with high rates of measles transmission.

Matched MeSH terms: Superinfection