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  1. Design and Evaluation of Microemulsion-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Biofilm-Based Infection in Burns
    Biswas A, A JM, Lewis SA, Raja S, Paul A, Ghosal K, et al.
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2024 Sep 05;25(7):203.
    PMID: 39237802 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02909-4
    Normal skin is the first line of defense in the human body. A burn injury makes the skin susceptible to bacterial infection, thereby delaying wound healing and ultimately leading to sepsis. The chances of biofilm formation are high in burn wounds due to the presence of avascular necrotic tissue. The most common pathogen to cause burn infection and biofilm is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The purpose of this study was to create a microemulsion (ME) formulation for topical application to treat bacterial burn infection. In the present study, tea tree oil was used as the oil phase, Tween 80 and transcutol were used as surfactants, and water served as the aqueous phase. Pseudo ternary phase diagrams were used to determine the design space. The ranges of components as suggested by the design were chosen, optimization of the microemulsion was performed, and in vitro drug release was assessed. Based on the characterization studies performed, it was found that the microemulsion were formulated properly, and the particle size obtained was within the desired microemulsion range of 10 to 300 nm. The I release study showed that the microemulsion followed an immediate release profile. The formulation was further tested based on its ability to inhibit biofilm formation and bacterial growth. The prepared microemulsion was capable of inhibiting biofilm formation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tea Tree Oil/administration & dosage; Tea Tree Oil/pharmacology; Tea Tree Oil/chemistry
  2. The effect of aloe vera and tea tree oil mouthwashes on the oral health of school children
    Kamath NP, Tandon S, Nayak R, Naidu S, Anand PS, Kamath YS
    Eur Arch Paediatr Dent, 2020 Feb;21(1):61-66.
    PMID: 31111439 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-019-00445-5
    PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of two herbal mouthwashes containing aloe vera and tea tree oil, on the oral health of school children.

    METHODS: A double-blinded, placebo-controlled prospective interventional study was conducted in school children aged 8-14 years. The study participants were divided into four groups depending upon the mouthwash used: Group 1 (aloe vera), Group 2 (chlorhexidine), Group 3 (tea tree oil) and Group 4 (placebo). The variables studied included plaque index, gingival index and salivary Streptococcus mutans counts, which were recorded at baseline, 4 weeks after supervised mouth rinse and after 2 weeks of stopping the mouth rinse.

    RESULTS: A total of 89 boys and 63 girls were included. A statistically significant decrease in all variables was noted after the use of both the herbal preparations at the end of 4 weeks which was maintained after the 2-week washout period (p Tea tree oil and chlorhexidine, was not statistically significant.

    CONCLUSION: The use of aloe vera and tea tree oil mouthwashes can decrease plaque, gingivitis and S. mutans in the oral cavity in children. The activity of these two agents is comparable to that of chlorhexidine.

    Matched MeSH terms: Tea Tree Oil*
  3. Essential oils and metal ions as alternative antimicrobial agents: a focus on tea tree oil and silver
    Low WL, Kenward K, Britland ST, Amin MC, Martin C
    Int Wound J, 2017 Apr;14(2):369-384.
    PMID: 27146784 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.12611
    The increasing occurrence of hospital-acquired infections and the emerging problems posed by antibiotic-resistant microbial strains have both contributed to the escalating cost of treatment. The presence of infection at the wound site can potentially stall the healing process at the inflammatory stage, leading to the development of a chronic wound. Traditional wound treatment regimes can no longer cope with the complications posed by antibiotic-resistant strains; hence, there is a need to explore the use of alternative antimicrobial agents. Pre-antibiotic compounds, including heavy metal ions and essential oils, have been re-investigated for their potential use as effective antimicrobial agents. Essential oils have potent antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and other beneficial therapeutic properties. Similarly, heavy metal ions have also been used as disinfecting agents because of their broad spectrum activities. Both of these alternative antimicrobials interact with many different intracellular components, thereby resulting in the disruption of vital cell functions and eventually cell death. This review will discuss the application of essential oils and heavy metal ions, particularly tea tree oil and silver ions, as alternative antimicrobial agents for the treatment of chronic, infected wounds.
    Matched MeSH terms: Tea Tree Oil/therapeutic use*
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