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Roles of thyroid and leptin hormones and their crosstalk in male reproductive functions: an updated review

Barman M, Giribabu N, Salleh N

Endocrine, 2025 Mar;87(3):891-906.
PMID: 39412610 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-04069-8

PURPOSE: This review aims to provide updated information regarding the role of thyroid and leptin hormones and their crosstalk in affecting the male reproductive function in hypothyroid and obesity conditions.
METHOD: A wide literature search was made using online search engines on published articles using keywords including thyroid hormone, hypothyroidism, leptin hormone, hyperleptinemia, obesity, the relationship between thyroid and leptin hormones and male reproduction, and hypothyroidism, obesity, and male reproduction.
RESULTS: All information pertaining thyroid and leptin hormone effects on male reproduction, hypothyroidism, hyperleptinemia, and obesity effect on male fertility as well as the related molecular mechanisms are obtained.
CONCLUSION: Thyroid and leptin hormones individually play a significant role in male reproduction. Alterations of these hormones' levels could adversely affect the male reproductive functions. PI3K/AKT signaling was found to be the major signaling pathway involved in mediating the effect of both hormones on male reproduction. Impaired crosstalk between the two hormones may occur in hypothyroidism with obesity which would contribute towards male reproductive dysfunction.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroid Gland/physiology
Fulltext Determination of trimester specific reference intervals for thyroid hormones during pregnancy in Malaysian women

Thevarajah M, Chew YY, Lim SC, Sabir N, Sickan J

Malays J Pathol, 2009 Jun;31(1):23-7.
PMID: 19694310 MyJurnal

To establish trimester specific reference intervals for thyroid hormones during pregnancy in Malaysian women.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroid Gland/physiology*
Thyroid regulation of body temperature in anaesthetized chickens

Lam SK, Harvey S

Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol, 1990;95(3):435-9.
PMID: 1970531

1. Anaesthesia caused marked decreases in the plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) and in the body temperature of young fowl. 2. Exogenous T4 or a thyroid hormone secretagogue (somatostatin antiserum), increased endogenous T3 and T4 concentrations and body temperature in conscious birds and prevented the body temperature decline in anaesthetized fowl. 3. These results provide further evidence for a role of T3 and T4 in temperature regulation in birds, particularly during anaesthesia.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroid Gland/physiology*
Expression of proteins related to thyroid hormone function in the uterus is down-regulated at the day of implantation in hypothyroid pregnant rats

Salleh N, Sayem ASM, Giribabu N, Khaing SL

Cell Biol Int, 2019 May;43(5):486-494.
PMID: 30761678 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11114

Hypothyroidism has been linked to infertility, but the mechanisms underlying infertility-related hypothyroidism have yet to be fully elucidated. Therefore, in this study, effects of hypothyroidism on expression of the proteins related to thyroid hormone function in the uterus, which were thought to play a role implantation, including thyroid hormone receptor (TR), thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and extracellular kinase (ERK) were identified. Pregnant female rats were rendered hypothyroid by giving methimazole (MMI), orally. Following hypothyroid induction, rats were grouped into control (non-treated) and received subcutaneous thyroxine at 20, 40, and 80 μg/kg/day for five consecutive days. At Day 6, which is the day of implantation (GD 6), rats were sacrificed and the number of embryo implantation site in the uterus was calculated. Then, uterine horns were harvested and expression of the above proteins and their mRNAs were identified by Western blotting and real-time PCR, respectively. In non-treated hypothyroid pregnant rats, the number of embryo implantation sites decreased as compared to euthyroid and hypothyroid rats receiving thyroxine treatment. Similarly, expression of TRα-1, TRβ-1, TSHR, ERK1/2 and RAR proteins and mRNA in the uterus of non-treated hypothyroid rats also decreased (P thyroid hormone related proteins in the uterus at the day of implantation might result in infertility as reported in hypothyroid condition.

Matched MeSH terms: Thyroid Gland/physiology