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  1. Ogawa S, Pfaff DW, Parhar IS
    Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc, 2021 06;96(3):999-1020.
    PMID: 33559323 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12689
    Mechanisms for fish social behaviours involve a social brain network (SBN) which is evolutionarily conserved among vertebrates. However, considerable diversity is observed in the actual behaviour patterns amongst nearly 30000 fish species. The huge variation found in socio-sexual behaviours and strategies is likely generated by a morphologically and genetically well-conserved small forebrain system. Hence, teleost fish provide a useful model to study the fundamental mechanisms underlying social brain functions. Herein we review the foundations underlying fish social behaviours including sensory, hormonal, molecular and neuroanatomical features. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons clearly play important roles, but the participation of vasotocin and isotocin is also highlighted. Genetic investigations of developing fish brain have revealed the molecular complexity of neural development of the SBN. In addition to straightforward social behaviours such as sex and aggression, new experiments have revealed higher order and unique phenomena such as social eavesdropping and social buffering in fish. Finally, observations interpreted as 'collective cognition' in fish can likely be explained by careful observation of sensory determinants and analyses using the dynamics of quantitative scaling. Understanding of the functions of the SBN in fish provide clues for understanding the origin and evolution of higher social functions in vertebrates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vasotocin
  2. Lutterodt GD
    Pharmacol Res, 1995 Jul-Aug;32(1-2):89-94.
    PMID: 8668653 DOI: 10.1016/S1043-6618(95)80014-X
    Sidaverin, a crystalline compound extracted from a polar fraction of Sida veronicaefolia (Lam), elicited oxytocin-like contractions in the non-gravid rat isolated uterus preparation with a concentration-response relationship. Equipotent concentrations of oxytocin and sidaverin, using matched responses, were approximately 0.16 U and 0.4 micrograms ml-1, respectively. Sidaverin-induced contractile response was atropine reversible. The concentration-response curves for sidaverin and oxytocin were parallel, and both responses were inhibited by the specific oxytocin antagonist, Atosiban, indicating possible involvement of oxytocin receptors in the action of sidaverin. There were potentiation of action of one drug to that of the other, irrespective of the order of administration and even after washing off the first before introducing the second drug. In the gravid uterus, sidaverin produced contractions in preparations from day 1 to day 6 or 7, caused relaxation in days 7-11, and elicited contractions in day 11 through term, the sensitivity of the preparations increasing exponentially toward term with strong sustained contractions. With the exception of days 7-11, when sidaverin antagonized oxytocin action, it potentiated action of oxytocin on the gravid uterus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Vasotocin/analogs & derivatives; Vasotocin/pharmacology
  3. Salleh N, Ahmad VN
    BMC Complement Altern Med, 2013 Dec 14;13:359.
    PMID: 24330515 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-359
    BACKGROUND: Ficus deltoidea, is a perennial herb that is used to assist labor, firm the uterus post-delivery and to prevent postpartum bleeding. In view of its claimed uterotonic action, the mechanisms underlying plant's effect on uterine contraction were investigated.

    METHODS: Adult female SD rats were injected with 2 mg/kg 17β-oestradiol (E2) to synchronize their oestrous cycle. A day after injection, uteri were removed for in-vitro contraction studies. The dose dependent effect of Ficus deltoidea aqeous extract (FDA) on the tension produced by the isolated rat's uteri was determined. The effects of atropine (2×10(-8) M), atosiban (0.5 IU), THG113.31 (10 μM), oxodipine (0.25 mM), EDTA (1 mM), 2-amino-ethoxy-diphenylborate (2-APB) (40 mM) and thapsigargin (1 mM) on the maximum force of contraction (Emax) achieved following 2 mg/ml FDA administration were also investigated.

    RESULTS: FDA induced in-vitro contraction of the isolated rat's uteri in a dose-dependent manner. Administration of atropine, atosiban and THG113.31 reduced the Emax with atosiban having the greatest effect. The Emax was also reduced following oxodipine and EDTA administration. There was no significant change observed following 2-APB administration. Thapsigargin, however, augmented Emax.

    CONCLUSIONS: FDA-induced contraction of the isolated rat's uteri is mediated via multiple uterotonin receptors (muscarinic, oxytocin and prostaglandin F2α) and was dependent on the extracellular Ca2+. Contraction, however, was not dependent on the Ca2+ release from the internal stores. This in-vitro study provides the first scientific evidence on the claimed effect of Ficus Deltoidea on uterine contraction.

    Matched MeSH terms: Vasotocin/analogs & derivatives; Vasotocin/pharmacology
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