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Henipavirus encephalitis

Abdullah S, Tan CT

Handb Clin Neurol, 2014;123:663-70.
PMID: 25015510 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53488-0.00032-8
Matched MeSH terms: Encephalitis Viruses/pathogenicity*
Pathogenic microbes of the oral environment

Park AW, Yaacob HB

J Nihon Univ Sch Dent, 1994 Mar;36(1):1-33.
PMID: 8207501
Matched MeSH terms: Viruses/pathogenicity
Fulltext Viruses join the circular RNA world

Tan KE, Lim YY

FEBS J, 2021 08;288(15):4488-4502.
PMID: 33236482 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15639

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a recently discovered class of noncoding RNAs found in many species across the eukaryotic kingdom. These intriguing RNA species are formed through a unique mechanism that is known as back splicing in which the 5' and 3' termini are covalently joined. Recent research has revealed that viruses also encode a repertoire of circRNAs. Some of these viral circRNAs are abundantly expressed and are reported to play a role in disease pathogenesis. A growing number of studies also indicate that host circRNAs are involved in immune responses against virus infections with either an antiviral or proviral role. In this review, we briefly introduce circRNA, its biogenesis, and mechanism of action. We go on to summarize the latest research on the expression, regulation, and functions of viral and host-encoded circRNAs during the host-virus interaction, with the aim of highlighting the potential of viral and host circRNAs as a suitable target for diagnostic biomarker development and therapeutic treatment of viral-associated diseases. We conclude by discussing the current limitations in knowledge and significance of elucidating the roles of circRNAs in host-virus interactions, as well as future directions for this emerging field.

Matched MeSH terms: Viruses/pathogenicity
Sharing Malaysian experience with the development of biotechnology-derived food crops

Abu Bakar UK, Pillai V, Hashim M, Daud HM

Food Nutr Bull, 2005 Dec;26(4):432-5.
PMID: 16465992

Biotechnology-derived food crops are currently being developed in Malaysia mainly for disease resistance and improved post harvest quality. The modern biotechnology approach is adopted because of its potential to overcome constraints faced by conventional breeding techniques. Research on the development of biotechnology-derived papaya, pineapple, chili, passion fruit, and citrus is currently under way. Biotechnology-derived papaya developed for resistance to papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) and improved postharvest qualities is at the field evaluation stage. Pineapple developed for resistance to fruit black heart disorder is also being evaluated for proof-of-concept. Other biotechnology-derived food crops are at early stages of gene cloning and transformation. Activities and products involving biotechnology-derived crops will be fully regulated in the near future under the Malaysian Biosafety Law. At present they are governed only by guidelines formulated by the Genetic Modification Advisory Committee (GMAC), Malaysia. Commercialization of biotechnology-derived crops involves steps that require GMAC approval for all field evaluations and food-safety assessments before the products are placed on the market. Public acceptance of the biotechnology product is another important factor for successful commercialization. Understanding of biotechnology is generally low among Malaysians, which may lead to low acceptance of biotechnology-derived products. Initiatives are being taken by local organizations to improve public awareness and acceptance of biotechnology. Future research on plant biotechnology will focus on the development of nutritionally enhanced biotechnology-derived food crops that can provide more benefits to consumers.

Matched MeSH terms: Plant Viruses/pathogenicity
Antibodies in human sera reacting with an insect pathogenic virus

MacCallum F, Brown G, Tinsley T

Intervirology, 1979;11(4):234-7.
PMID: 107144

Precipitating antibodies to an insect pathogenic RNA virus of Darna trima from East Malaysia have been found in a small percentage of human sera from several different groups of persons in West Malaysia and the United Kingdom. No associated illness was identified. The results suggest that an antigenically related virus or viruses are present in the environment that may be associated with symptomless or inapparent infections in man.

Matched MeSH terms: Insect Viruses/pathogenicity
Histopathology and cytopathology of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in cultured Penaeus monodon from peninsular Malaysia with emphasis on pathogenesis and the mechanism of white spot formation

Wang YG, Hassan MD, Shariff M, Zamri SM, Chen X

Dis Aquat Organ, 1999 Dec 22;39(1):1-11.
PMID: 11407399

Since 1994, white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) has been detected in cultured shrimp Penaeus monodon in Peninsular Malaysia. The gross signs, target organs and histo-cytopathology for the viral infection were studied and it was found to infect most organs and tissues including oocytes, but not hepatopancreatocytes and epithelial cells of the midgut, which were regarded as refractory tissues. Based on a time-sequence of ultrastructural cytopathology, 4 cytopathic profiles and 6 phases of viral morphogenesis were described. The virions were elliptical to short rods with trilamilar envelopes that measured 305 +/- 30 x 127 +/- 11 nm. Viral nucleosomes were often present singly in infected nuclei and were associated with the early stages of viral replication. The structure of WSSV pathognomonic white, cuticular lesions was examined at the microscopic and ultrastructural levels and the mechanism of their formation appeared to be related to the disruption of exudate transfer from epithelial cells to the cuticle via cuticular pore canals.

Matched MeSH terms: DNA Viruses/pathogenicity*
Virotherapy: Current Trends and Future Prospects for Treatment of Colon and Rectal Malignancies

Lee CL, Veeramani S, Molouki A, Lim SHE, Thomas W, Chia SL, et al.

Cancer Invest, 2019;37(8):393-414.
PMID: 31502477 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2019.1660887

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies. In recent decades, early diagnosis and conventional therapies have resulted in a significant reduction in mortality. However, late stage metastatic disease still has very limited effective treatment options. There is a growing interest in using viruses to help target therapies to tumour sites. In recent years the evolution of immunotherapy has emphasised the importance of directing the immune system to eliminate tumour cells; we aim to give a state-of-the-art over-view of the diverse viruses that have been investigated as potential oncolytic agents for the treatment of CRC.

Matched MeSH terms: Oncolytic Viruses/pathogenicity*
Fulltext Multi-assay investigation of viral etiology in pediatric central nervous system infections

Altay-Kocak A, Bozdayi G, Michel J, Polat M, Kanik-Yuksek S, Tezer H, et al.

J Infect Dev Ctries, 2020 06 30;14(6):572-579.
PMID: 32683347 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.12327

INTRODUCTION: In an attempt to identify a wide spectrum of viral infections, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens were collected from pediatric cases with the preliminary diagnosis of viral encephalitis/meningoencephalitis in two reference hospitals, from October 2011 to December 2015.
METHODOLOGY: A combination of nucleic acid-based assays, including in house generic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for enteroviruses, flaviviruses and phleboviruses, a commercial real-time PCR assay for herpesviruses and a commercial real time multiplex PCR, enabling detection of frequently-observed viral, bacterial and fungal agents were employed for screening.
RESULTS: The microbial agent could be characterized in 10 (10%) of the 100 specimens. Viral etiology could be demonstrated in 7 (70%) specimens, which comprises Human Herpesvirus 6 (4/7), Herpes Simplex virus type1 (2/7) and Enteroviruses (1/7). In 3 specimens (30%), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus were detected via the multiplex PCR, which were also isolated in bacteriological media. All specimens with detectable viral nucleic acids, as well as unreactive specimens via nucleic acid testing remained negative in bacteriological cultures.
CONCLUSIONS: Herpes and enteroviruses were identified as the primary causative agents of central nervous system infections in children. Enterovirus testing must be included in the diagnostic work-up of relevant cases.

Matched MeSH terms: Viruses/pathogenicity