This research aimed to find indigenous plants and suitable solvents to extract substances with the capacity to suppress the immature stages of house fly populations in animal farms and urban areas. Seven native Thai plants were tested: Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br., Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack, Citrus aurantium L., Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, Limnophila aromatica (Lam.) Merr., Persicaria odorata (Lour.), and Manihot esculenta Crantz. Solvents with different polarities were used in series (hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, and water) to extract the active compounds from the plant tissues. The effects of extracts on immature stage were assessed separately in vitro using a completely randomized design with 5 replicates. The effects of each plant extract on the house fly stages varied depending on the solvent utilized. Extracts with high polarity solvents (ethanol and acetone) showed strong ovicidal activity but for larval and pupal stages, hexane, a low polarity solvent, demonstrated significant larvicidal and pupicidal activity. Acetone and ethanol solvents of P. odorata and L. aromatica caused notable mortality rate for the egg stage. Hexane extracts of M. paniculata and both hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of C. aurantium induced the highest percentage of larval mortality. Even if other plant extracts have less of an impact on the mortality of house fly eggs or larvae, they have an impact on the growth and development. The results showed that most plant extracts based on various solvents caused considerable mortality in house fly pupa. In this study, the hatching percentage of adult females was lower than the adult males after specific plant extracts were applied throughout the larval and pupal phases. High-efficiency plant extracts' LC50 and LC90 values for house fly immature stages were calculated. The acetone extract of P. odorata during the egg stage had LC50 and LC90 values of 7.816 and 31.117 mg/mL, respectively. At the larval stage, M. paniculata's hexane extract had concentrations of 4.865 and 22.284 mg/mL, while C. aurantium's ethly acetate extract had concentrations of 26.424 and 61.801 mg/mL. Significant active chemicals discovered by GC-MS analysis were included bioactive substances with insecticidal properties, including flavonoids, alkanes, coumarins, etc., were identified by GC-MS analysis.
Faecal samples were collected from 48 randomly selected smallholder goat farms in northern Peninsular Malaysia. The nematode eggs extracted were tested for resistance to thiabendazole using the egg hatch assay technique. Thiabendazole resistance was found on 19% of farms tested.
This study focuses on the larvicidal, oviposition, and ovicidal effects of a crude extract of Artemisia annua against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles sinensis, and Culex quinquefasciatus. Dried cells of Artemisia annua from cell suspension cultures were extracted using hexane. The extract showed moderate larvicidal effects against mosquitoes. At 24-h post treatment, the LC50 values for Anopheles sinensis, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus were recorded as 244.55, 276.14, and 374.99 ppm, respectively. The percentage mortality of larvae was directly proportional to the tested concentration. Anopheles sinensis was found to be the most susceptible species, whereas Culex quinquefasciatus was the most tolerant to the Artemisia annua extract. The results indicated that the Artemisia annua extract showed concentration-dependent oviposition deterrent activity and had a strong deterrent effect. At 500 ppm, the percentage effective repellency was more than 85% compared with the control group for all the species, with oviposition activity index values of -0.94, -0.95, and -0.78 for Aedes aegypti, Anopheles sinensis, and Culex quinquefasciatus, respectively. In the ovicidal assay, the percentage hatchability of eggs after treatment with 500 ppm of Artemisia annua extract was significantly lower than the control, with values of 48.84 ± 4.08, 38.42 ± 3.67, and 79.35 ± 2.09% for Aedes aegypti, Anopheles sinensis, and Culex quinquefasciatus, respectively. Artemisia annua was found to be more effective against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles sinensis compared with Culex quinquefasciatus. This study indicated that crude extract of A. annua could be a potential alternative for use in vector management programs.