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A Comprehensive Review on the Current Vaccines and Their Efficacies to Combat SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Rabaan AA 1 , Mutair AA 2 , Hajissa K 3 , Alfaraj AH 4 , Al-Jishi JM 5 , Alhajri M 6 Show all authors , Alwarthan S 6 , Alsuliman SA 7 , Al-Najjar AH 8 , Al Zaydani IA 9 , Al-Absi GH 10 , Alshaikh SA 11 , Alkathlan MS 12 , Almuthree SA 13 , Alawfi A 14 , Alshengeti A 14 , Almubarak FZ 15 , Qashgari MS 16 , Abdalla ANK 17 , Alhumaid S 18

Affiliations 

  • 1 Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
  • 2 Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa 36342, Saudi Arabia
  • 3 Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
  • 4 Pediatric Department, Abqaiq General Hospital, First Eastern Health Cluster, Abqaiq 33261, Saudi Arabia
  • 5 Internal Medicine Department, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 635342, Saudi Arabia
  • 6 Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
  • 7 Infectious Disease Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam 32245, Saudi Arabia
  • 8 Drug & Poison Information Center, Pharmacy Department, Security Forces Hospital Program, Riyadh 3643, Saudi Arabia
  • 9 Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Abha Maternity and Children Hospital, Abha 62526, Saudi Arabia
  • 10 Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 325476, Saudi Arabia
  • 11 Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, Maternity and Children Hospital, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam 32253, Saudi Arabia
  • 12 Infectious Diseases Department, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Buraydah 52382, Saudi Arabia
  • 13 Department of Infectious Disease, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah 43442, Saudi Arabia
  • 14 Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah 41491, Saudi Arabia
  • 15 Department of Family Medicine, Family Medicine Academy, Dammam 36365, Saudi Arabia
  • 16 Communicable Diseases Prevention Department, Saudi Public Health Authority, Riyadh 13354, Saudi Arabia
  • 17 Department of Intensive Care Unit, Saudi German Hospital, Dammam 32313, Saudi Arabia
  • 18 Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
Vaccines (Basel), 2022 Oct 02;10(10).
PMID: 36298520 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101655

Abstract

Since the first case of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019, SARS-CoV-2 infection has affected many individuals worldwide. Eventually, some highly infectious mutants-caused by frequent genetic recombination-have been reported for SARS-CoV-2 that can potentially escape from the immune responses and induce long-term immunity, linked with a high mortality rate. In addition, several reports stated that vaccines designed for the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type variant have mixed responses against the variants of concern (VOCs) and variants of interest (VOIs) in the human population. These results advocate the designing and development of a panvaccine with the potential to neutralize all the possible emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2. In this context, recent discoveries suggest the design of SARS-CoV-2 panvaccines using nanotechnology, siRNA, antibodies or CRISPR-Cas platforms. Thereof, the present comprehensive review summarizes the current vaccine design approaches against SARS-CoV-2 infection, the role of genetic mutations in the emergence of new viral variants, the efficacy of existing vaccines in limiting the infection of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, and efforts or challenges in designing SARS panvaccines.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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