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Risk Factors for COVID-19 Mortality in Malaysia

Hanis TM 1 , Arifin WN 2 , Musa KI 1 , Rodzlan Hasani WS 3 , Che Nawi CMNH 1 , Shahrani SA 4 Show all authors , Chen XW 5 , Suliman MA 1 , Ahmad Khan EE 1 , Ab Aziz WA 6 , Mat Said MZ 7

Affiliations 

  • 1 Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
  • 2 Biostatistics and Research Methodology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
  • 3 Institute for Public Health, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
  • 4 KMI Kuala Terengganu Medical Center, Terengganu, Malaysia
  • 5 Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Sungai Buloh Campus, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
  • 6 Pejabat Kesihatan Daerah Kota Bharu, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
  • 7 Pejabat Kesihatan Daerah Batang Padang, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Perak, Malaysia
Malays J Med Sci, 2022 Dec;29(6):123-131.
PMID: 36818910 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2022.29.6.12

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Understanding the risks of COVID-19 mortality helps in the planning and prevention of the disease. This study aimed to determine the risk factors for COVID-19 mortality in Malaysia.

METHODS: Secondary online data provided by the Ministry of Health, Malaysia and Malaysia's national COVID-19 immunisation programme were used: i) COVID-19 deaths data; ii) vaccination coverage data and iii) population estimate data. Quasi-Poisson regression was performed to determine the risk factors for COVID-19 mortality.

RESULTS: Four risk factors were identified: i) vaccination status (partial versus unvaccinated, incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.54, 0.64; complete versus unvaccinated, IRR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.56; booster versus unvaccinated, IRR: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.26); ii) age group (19 years old-59 years old versus above 60 years old, IRR: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.97; 13 years old-18 years old versus above 60 years old, IRR: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.19; 6 years old-12 years old versus above 60 years old, IRR: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.22; below 5 years old versus above 60 years old, IRR: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.23); iii) gender (male versus female, IRR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.32) and iv) comorbidity (yes versus no, IRR: 2.13; 95% CI: 1.96, 2.32).

CONCLUSION: This study highlighted the risk factors for COVID-19 mortality and the benefit of COVID-19 vaccination, especially of booster vaccination, in reducing the risk of COVID-19 mortality in Malaysia.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

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