Affiliations 

  • 1 Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia; Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia. Electronic address: kmsalleh@usm.my
  • 2 Bioresource and Biorefinery Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. Electronic address: szakaria@ukm.edu.my
  • 3 Bioresource and Biorefinery Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
  • 4 Art and Design Institute, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Int J Biol Macromol, 2024 Aug 16.
PMID: 39154673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134816

Abstract

The hydrogel regeneration process, involving various cellulose types, results in distinct chemical bonding patterns. Even minor variations in chemical interactions among polymers during regeneration significantly impact properties like hydrogel-forming ability, hydrophilicity, and swelling capacity. This study focuses on regenerating a superabsorbent hydrogel from the interplay of native empty fruit bunch cellulose (EFBC), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) using epichlorohydrin (ECH) as a crosslinker. The hydrogel was formed from dissolved EFBC solutions in an aqueous NaOH/urea solvent, supplemented with different NaCMC and HEC weight ratios, and ECH chemically assisted the crosslinking process. EFBC provides the hydrogel's supporting skeletal structure, while NaCMC and HEC play vital roles in enhancing forming ability and its physical and mechanical properties through diverse chemical interactions based on their electrovalent properties. Notably, NaCMC imparts hydrophilicity, while HEC indirectly improves superabsorbent properties through the enhancement of the elastic network's retraction force. Hydrogels combining NaCMC and HEC show a remarkable water absorption capacity exceeding 30,000 %, surpassing those regenerated solely with EFBC and NaCMC. The highest swelling, over 130,000 %, is achieved with 0.75 % NaCMC and 0.25 % HEC. Regarding thermal stability, hydrogels with a higher NaCMC proportion outperform those with increased HEC content. The study highlights the critical role of tailored chemical interactions in successfully regenerating an improved superabsorbent hydrogel with enhanced water absorption properties.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.