Affiliations 

  • 1 Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
  • 2 School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
  • 3 Arthur A Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, San Francisco, California
  • 4 UFR Odontologie de Marseille, Aix Marseille Université, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, France; Laboratoire Biologie Santé et Nanosciences, Montpellier, France
  • 5 Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: endo@gianlucaplotino.com
J Endod, 2015 Nov;41(11):1778-83.
PMID: 26514866 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.06.014

Abstract

During the evolution of mechanical instrumentation in endodontics, an important role has been played by reciprocating stainless steel files using horizontal rotational, vertical translational, or combined movements. These kinds of systems are still in use mainly as an accessory to help in the first phases of the treatment.

* Title and MeSH Headings from MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.